Chapter 6

a compound that yields positively charged hydrogen ions in solution

the ability of the plasma bicarbonate system to buffer fixed acids such as lactic acid

any of the small air passages in the lung that branch out from the bronchioles and lead to the alveoli

the rate of air flow to the alveoli

a small pouch in the lungs through which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood occurs (plural: alveoli)

the volume of the conducting portion of the airways of the lungs where no gas exchange occurs

a compound that yields negatively charged hydroxyl ions in solution

if temperature remains constant, the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume

one of the smaller subdivisions of the bronchial tubes, containing smooth muscle and elastic fibers, but no cartilage in its wall

two subdivisions of the trachea; conveys air to and from the lungs (singular: bronchus)

an acid and its conjugate base (salt) that, when present in a solution, reduce any change in pH that would otherwise occur in the solution when acid or alkali is added to it

the proportion of oxygen transported by the blood that is given off to the tissues

the rate of change of gas exchange; dependent upon the ease with which a gas can penetrate a membrane

labored breathing; shortness of breath

red blood cell

the muscular tube in the neck, extending from the pharynx to the stomach; serves as a passageway for food

easy, free breathing as observed in the normal subject under resting conditions

bronchoconstriction caused by exercise

a prolonged contraction of the involuntary muscles fibers of the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles during exercise

Pain that occurs in running or other repetitive movements that is felt in the lateral aspects of the mid abdomen, along the costal border and has been described as cramping, aching, or pulling when it is less intense, as well as sharp or stabbing, when the pain is more severe. Commonly referred to as stitch in the side.

the process of breathing out

the maximal amount of gas that can be expired from the end-tidal expiratory level

gas exchange in the lungs in which the blood in the lung capillaries takes up oxygen and gives up much of its carbon dioxide; also known as pulmonary ventilation

the amount of gas remaining in the lungs at the resting expiratory level; includes the expiratory reserve volume and residual volume

if volume remains constant, the pressure of a gas increases directly in proportion to its absolute temperature

the protein constituent of hemoglobin

a slitlike opening between the true vocal cords

the pigmented iron-containing, oxygen-carrying constituent of hemoglobin

a complex protein–iron compound of erythrocytes that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs

the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is directly proportional to its partial pressure, if temperature remains constant

an increase in lung ventilation without a corresponding increase in metabolic rate

abnormally low levels of carbon dioxide in the circulating blood

a reduction in lung ventilation without a corresponding decrease in metabolic rate

the process of breathing in

the maximal amount of gas that can be inspired from the resting expiratory level; includes the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume

the maximal amount of gas that can be inspired from the end-tidal inspiratory level

gas exchange between the blood and cells; also known as tissue respiration

insufficient blood flow

in a mixture of gases, each gas exerts a partial pressure, proportional to its concentration

volume of breathing per minute

the cavity of the nose and the nasal parts of the pharynx

the process of hemoglobin combining with oxygen

the percentage of metabolism devoted to the muscular work required for breathing

a graphic indication of the amount of oxygen released from hemoglobin as a result of changing carbon dioxide levels in the tissues

the cavity of the nose and the nasal parts of the pharynx

gas exchange in the lungs in which the blood in the lung capillaries takes up oxygen and gives up much of its carbon dioxide; also known as external respiration

the volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximal respiration

the nerve cells in the pons and medulla that are responsible for the automatic and rhythmic control of respiration

the psychological and physical relief felt by an endurance athlete upon making the necessary metabolic adjustments to a heavy exercise intensity

pain in the lower, lateral thoracic wall that occurs during exercise; may be caused by ischemia of the diaphragm or intercostal muscles

the volume of gas inspired or expired during each respiratory cycle

gas exchange between the blood and cells; also known as internal respiration

the amount of gas in the lung after a maximal inspiration; includes the tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume

the cartilaginous and membranous tube in the neck that extends from the larynx to the fifth thoracic vertebra, where it divides into two bronchi; serves as a passageway for air

pertaining to the thin, bony plates within the nasal cavity

the number of liters of air breathed for every 100 ml of oxygen consumed

the maximal amount of gas that can be expired with a forceful effort following a maximal inspiration; includes the tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume