Chapter 17

the increased ability to perform at high altitudes; accomplished by various systems of physical conditioning at progressively higher altitudes or a progressive conditioning program at the competition altitude

one of the most common nonfreezing cold injuries; typically less severe than trenchfoot and can occur with only one to five hours of exposure of bare skin to cold

a sudden decrease in body temperature; often occurs when there are intermittent periods of activity and rest

the increased ability to withstand cold temperatures as a result of continued exposure to cold

the transfer of heat between two objects that are in contact with one another

the transfer of heat through a gas or liquid by the circulation of heated particles

the temperature of the central nervous system and internal organs; reflected by the rectal temperature

a change from liquid form into gas form; also known as vaporization

the fatigue that develops during exercise in the heat; this fatigue may be caused by excess body heat and by dehydration

A potentially fatal disorder that occasionally follows heat exhaustion; characterized by an elevated core body temperature greater than 104°F; loss of consciousness (coma) following exertion; and clinical symptoms of damage to the central nervous system, liver, and kidneys

An elevated core body temperature greater than 104°F that occurs during athletic or recreational activities; it is influenced by exercise intensity, environmental conditions, clothing, and equipment

a damaging condition caused by the crystallization of fluids in the skin or subcutaneous tissues upon exposure to cold temperatures

the increased ability to withstand hot temperatures as a result of continued exposure to heat

the effect of heat stress on the body; the elevation of core temperature, skin temperature, and heart rate

the sum of the metabolic and environmental heat loads; related to exercise intensity, environmental temperature, and evaporative potential of the environment

dizziness associated with high environmental temperatures due to peripheral vasodilation, postural pooling of blood, diminished venous return, dehydration, reduced cardiac output, and/or cerebral ischemia; also known as orthostatic dizziness

severely reduced core body temperature

the fatigue and sluggishness that travelers feel following long airplane flights across time zones

acute, painful, and involuntary muscle contraction due to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and/or neuromuscular fatigue

dizziness associated with high environmental temperatures due to peripheral vasodilation, postural pooling of blood, diminished venous return, dehydration, reduced cardiac output, and/or cerebral ischemia; also known as heat syncope

the transfer of heat between objects that are not in contact with one another, by means of electromagnetic waves

the area of the hypothalamus that controls body temperature; receives sensory input regarding environmental and core temperatures and then activates and/or inhibits the body’s heat production and conservation or heat loss mechanisms

one of the most common nonfreezing cold injuries; typically develops after many hours (usually >12 hours) of exposure to cold, wet conditions when socks and shoes are worn continuously. Symptoms include swelling and numbness of the feet

the effect of wind in reducing effective temperature