Chapter 5

a muscular vessel that lies between an artery and a capillary

short vascular connections between small arteries and veins, arterioles and venules, and metarterioles and venules

an elastic vessel that carries blood away from the heart

a specialized mass of conducting tissue located at the base of the atria in the interatrial septum

a chamber of the heart that receives blood from veins

self-excitation, a property of cardiac muscle

the amount of blood flowing to the various organs each minute

thin-walled vessels, such as veins, that are important in altering the capacity, or storage function, of the postcapillary system

vessel with a single-cell layer wall that functions in gas exchange

the ability of the heart to produce force per unit of time (power)

the cyclic pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart

the amount of blood ejected by the heart each minute; heart rate times stroke volume

the heart rate reserve and the stroke volume reserve; the ability of the heart to increase its cardiac output

the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

the arterial blood pressure during diastole

exercise, such as running or cycling, that involves rapid contractions alternating with relaxations

the amount of blood in each ventricle of the heart at the end of diastole

the amount of blood in each ventricle of the heart at the end of systole

rapid transmission of an impulse from cell to cell

the workload of an exercise, measured in foot-pounds or kilogram-meters per minute

an indirect method of estimating cardiac output by determining the rate at which oxygen is added to the blood as it flows through the lungs

the principle that contraction force during systole is dependent upon the length of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of diastole

a small channel within an intercalated disk; allows for ion exchanges between the cytosol of adjacent cells

a sound created by blood that is not flowing smoothly through the heart

an increase in the size of existing parts (such as the size of the cells of a tissue)

an indirect method of estimating cardiac output by injecting dye (indicator) into a large vein or into the right atrium of the heart

a connective tissue structure located between adjacent cardiac muscle cells, allowing one cell to pull on the surrounding cells

the highest heart rate attainable during exercise; HRmax = 220 – age

a small blood vessel that lies between an arteriole and a true capillary

heart muscle

an exercise-induced increase in the thickening of the heart walls (primarily the left heart) as well as an increase in the diameter of the left ventricle

an increase in the thickness of the walls of the heart, usually caused by chronically high aortic pressure and not accompanied by an increase in ventricular chamber diameter

the difference in pressure between two points

vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left heart

specialized conducting cells of the heart that conduct the cardiac impulse throughout the ventricular myocardium

the ability of the heart rate to increase from the resting rate to the maximum rate

the sum of the forces that oppose blood flow, including blood viscosity, the length of the vessel, and the diameter of the vessel

muscular vessels, such as the small arteries and arterioles, which dilate or constrict to control the resistance to blood flow

the heart rate measured when the body is at rest

a specialized mass of cardiac tissue in the wall of the right atrium; initiates the cardiac cycle; also known as the pacemaker of the heart

a pressure cuff and mercury or anoid manometer used to measure blood pressure

exercise that involves holding a position, such as isometric contractions

the amount of blood ejected out of each ventricle of the heart with each cardiac contraction

the ability of the heart to increase its contraction strength, its filling pressure, and the distensibility of its ventricles

a network of cells

the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle

the arterial blood pressure during systole

tenth cranial nerve; arises from the medulla oblongata and supplies the larynx, lungs, heart, esophagus, stomach, and most of the abdominal viscera

a thin-walled vessel that carries blood toward the heart

a chamber of the heart that pumps blood into arteries

a small vessel that lies between a capillary and a vein

the stickiness and thickness of a fluid