Chapter 16

a sympathomimetic amine used in medicine as a central nervous system stimulant; sometimes used as an ergogenic aid

a synthetically developed cholesterol- based drug that resembles naturally occurring hormones such as testosterone and has growth-promoting and masculinizing effects

a weakly androgenic steroid precursor; sometimes used as an ergogenic aid

a semi-essential amino acid that is involved in a number of metabolic pathways and the production of biologically active compounds

a nonproteogenic (not involved in protein synthesis) amino acid produced in the liver; the role of beta-alanine in exercise performance is related to its involvement in the synthesis of carnosine in skeletal muscle

a metabolite produced as a result of the breakdown of leucine; sometimes used as an ergogenic aid

a procedure involving the removal of blood 8 to 12 weeks prior to an athletic event, isolation and freezing of the red blood cells, and reinfusion of those cells during the week preceding the athletic event; also known as erythrocythemia

a central nervous system stimulant that increases sympathetic nervous system arousal and also acts as a diuretic; sometimes used as an ergogenic aid

a naturally occurring nitrogenous compound synthesized in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas; combined with phosphorus, it forms high-energy phosphate; sometimes used as an ergogenic aid

ingesting creatine monohydrate prior to a performance in order to increase muscle phosphocreatine stores

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a weakly androgenic steroid precursor; sometimes used as an ergogenic aid

a substance, such as a steroid, used by athletes with the expectation that it will provide a competitive edge

a procedure involving the removal of blood 8 to 12 weeks prior to an athletic event, isolation and freezing of the red blood cells, and reinfusion of those cells during the week preceding the athletic event; also known as blood doping

a naturally occurring hormone produced by the kidneys in response to low hemoglobin levels; stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells; sometimes used as an ergogenic aid

a procedure used to produce the maximum possible glycogen

a naturally occurring polypeptide secreted by the anterior pituitary gland; promotes increases in muscle mass directly by increasing amino acid transport and protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and indirectly by stimulating the production of insulin- like growth factor

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sodium phosphate supplementation

refers to androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone, precursors to testosterone and estrogen; sometimes used as ergogenic aids

a metabolite of carbohydrate metabolism; sometimes used as an ergogenic aid

a naturally occurring buffer in the blood; sometimes used as an ergogenic aid by athletes in an attempt to reduce lactic acid build-up during exercise

a granular crystalline salt sometimes used as an ergogenic aid