Students

Additional Resources

The following resources are of a general nature, designed to provide an overview of music in our world. For bibliographic information on specific countries, regions, and genres, reference works like The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians provide comprehensive lists. Endnotes for our Class Lessons provide additional bibliographic information. For video and audio recordings, the Internet provides extensive and readily available resources.

 

Beck, Guy. 2006. Sacred Sound: Experiencing Music in World Religions. Waterloo, ON: Wilfred Laurier University Press.

Becker, Judith. 2004. Deep Listeners: Music, Emotion, and Trancing. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Bernstein, Arthur, Naoki Sekine, and Dick Wissman. 2007. The Global Music Industry: Three Perspectives. New York: Routledge.

Bohlman, Philip. 2002. World Music: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.

Blacking, John. 1974.  How Musical Is Man? Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Broughton, Simon, and others, eds. 2006. The Rough Guide to World Music: Africa & Middle East. London: Rough Guides.

———, and others, eds. 2009. The Rough Guide to World Music: Europe, Asia & Pacific. London: Rough Guides.

Burkholder, J. Peter, Donald Grout, and Claude Palisca. 2014. A History of Western Music. 9th edn. New York: W.W. Norton.

Cook, Nicholas. 2000. Music: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.

Copland, Aaron. 2011. What to Listen For in Music. New York: Penguin Group (Signet Classics).

Dissanayake, Ellen. 200. Art and Intimacy: How the Arts Began. Seattle: University of Washington Press.

Eliade, Mircea, ed. 1987. The Encyclopedia of Religion. 16 volumes. New York: Macmillan.

Ellingson, Ter. 1987. "Music and Religion." In The Encyclopedia of Religion, ed. Mircea Eliade. Vol. 10. New York: Collier Macmillan, pp. 163[en]172.

Kartomi, Margaret. 1990. On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Larkin, Colin, ed. 2006. Encyclopedia of Popular Music. 4th edn.10 volumes. New York: Oxford University Press.

Levitan, Daniel. 2007. This is Your Brain on Music: The Science of a Human Obsession. New York: Plume.

Libin, Laurence. 2014. The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. 2nd edn. London: Oxford University Press.

Marre, Jeremy, and Hannah Charlton. 1985. Beats of the Heart: Popular Music of the World. Pluto Press. Book accompanying the video series.

McConnach, James, and others, eds. 2000. World Music: The Rough Guide. Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia & Pacific. London: Rough Guides.

Merriam, Alan. 1964. The Anthropology of Music. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.

Myers, Helen, ed. 1992. Ethnomusicology: An Introduction. New York: W.W. Norton.

———, and Stanley Sadie. 1992. Ethnomusicology: Historical and Regional Studies. New York: W.W. Norton.

Nettl, Bruno. 2005. The Study of Ethnomusicology: Thirty-one Issues and Concepts. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Post, Jennifer. 2011. Ethnomusicology: A Research and Information Guide. New York: Routledge.

Rice, Timothy. 2013. Ethnomusicology: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.

Sacks, Oliver. 2008. Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain. Rev. edn. New York: Vintage Books.

Sadie, Stanley, and John Tyrrell, eds. 2004. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 29 volumes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Seaton, Douglass. 2009. Ideas and Styles in the Western Musical Tradition. 3rd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Shepherd, John, ed. 2003. Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. London and New York: Continuum.

Small, Christopher. 1998. Musicking: The Meanings of Performing and Listening. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.

Stone, Ruth, and others, eds. 1998-2003. The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. 10 vols. New York: Routledge.

Storr, Anthony. 1992. Music and the Mind. New York: Ballantine Books.

Taylor, Timothy.  1997. Global Pop: World Music, World Markets. New York: Routledge.

Turino, Thomas. 2008. Music as Social Life: The Politics of Participation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

———, and James Lea, eds. 2004. Identity and the Arts in Diaspora Communities. Sterling Heights, MI: Harmonie Park Press.

Wade, Bonnie. 2012. Thinking Musically: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cornerstone publication of the Global Music Series.

Wallin, Nils, and others, eds. 1999. The Origins of Music. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Weiss, Piero, and Richard Taruskin. 2007. Music in the Western World: A History in Documents. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Videos/DVDs/Websites

Exploring the World of Music. 1999. 12-volume instructional video series. Annenberg Foundation. Pacific Street Films and the Educational Film Center.

Folkstreams.net. A national preserve of documentary films about American Roots Cultures. www.folkstreams.net.

Marre, Jeremy, producer/director. 1987. Beats of the Heart. Harcourt Films. 14- video series on world music.

Marre, Jeremy, producer/director. 1997. The Nature of Music. Kultur Video.

Ichikawa, Katsumori, producer. JVC Video Anthology of World Music and Dance. 2005 [1985 VHS series). 30-volume DVD set. Tokyo: Japanese Video Corporation.

Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. www.folkways.si.edu/folkways-recordings/smithsonian

UNESCO Multimedia Archives. Intangible Heritage: Arts and Traditions of the World. www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/

Zemp, Hugo, and others, producer. 1990. Musical Instruments of the World. 1990. Le Chant du Monde CD.

Zemp, Hugo, and others, producers. 1996. Voices of the World: An Anthology of Vocal Expression. Le Chant du Monde. 3-CD set.

Video Index by Geographical Region

AFRICA

EAST AFRICA

Ethiopia
2-17: Krar (Ethiopian lyre)
12-9: St. Michael’s Feast, Lalibela
13-1: Azmari singer and masenko accompaniment, Lalibela
Uganda
2-39: Enkwanzi (Ugandan panpipes)
2-71: Embaire (Ugandan xylophone)
2-73: Endongo (Ugandan thumb pianos)
9-5: Political rap, Kampala
10-9: Adhan (Call to Prayer), Kampala
10-17: Watoto Church service, Kampala
10-18: School choir, Masaka district
10-19: School choir, Masaka district
10-20: School choir, Rakai district
10-21: Four school choirs, Masaka district
Zanzibar
5-7: Bi Kidude and Taraab Orchestra

WEST AFRICA

Cameroon
3-33: Yelli vocal polyphony
Cape Verde
12-4: Two Christian processions
Côte d’Ivoire
11-9: Zaouli masked dance
Ghana
2-12: Seperewa (bridge harp)
3-9: Work rhythms
3-11: Hand and foot drum
Guinea
3-6: West African polyrhythm (percussion ensemble)
Mali
3-10: Wedding party
5-20: Music School in Kirina
Nigeria
2-58: West African talking drum
2-67: Agogo (iron double bell)
5-9: Remo talking drum
15-2: Sarewa (flutes) and jauje (talking drums) at boxing match
Senegal
2-8: West African praise singer, Diali Cissokho
2-24: Akonting (Senegalese lute)
13-5: Diali Cissokho, praise singer and kora player

SOUTHERN AFRICA

Madagascar
5-22: A cappella vocal ensemble Salala, Antananarivo
Malawi
3-26: Limbe Mvano Choir
South Africa
3-34: Isicathamiya, a cappella vocal ensemble
5-14: South African lullaby
9-1: “Die Stem Van Suid-Afrika,” South African national anthem during Apartheid
9-2: “Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika,” anthem of the African National Congress during Apartheid
9-3: “Weeping,” anti-Apartheid protest song
15-3: Vuvuzelas, Johannesburg
Zambia
2-11: Kalumbu (musical bow)
Zimbabwe
3-32: Mbiras (Shona thumb pianos)
11-3: Three mbira (thumb piano) musicians

THE AMERICAS

NORTH AMERICA

Canada
2-4: Katajjaq throat singing in Arviat, Nunavut, Canada
15-6: Celtic music session, Baddeck, Cape Breton
15-7: Celtic music session, Whycocomagh, Cape Breton
Native American and First Nations
2-4: Katajjaq throat singing in Arviat, Nunavut, Canada
2-38: Native American wooden flute
2-61: Powwow drum
U.S.
2-5: Jimmie Rodgers
2-7: Old Time Camp Meeting song, Atlanta, GA
2-23: Ukulele, Hawaii
2-25: Banjo
2-27: Jimi Hendrix (electric guitar)
2-29: Ciompi String Quartet
2-40: Ocarina
2-52: Wanamaker Organ
2-54: North Carolina Brass Band
2-55: Bugle
2-56: Timpani
2-62: Glen Velez (frame drum)
2-70: Musical saw
2-76: Soultone cymbals
2-79: Tam tam
3-1: University of Michigan Marching Band
3-8: Prison work gangs
3-13: Tito Puente (timbales)
3-37: “Large Hadron Rap”
3-38: San Francisco Jazz
5-1: John Lennon, “Mother”
5-3: Tito Puente salsa band
5-8: Steve Riley and the Mamou Playboys
5-12: The Lone Ranger theme music
5-16: New Orleans jazz funeral parade
5-17: Music therapy
5-18: Bar Mitzvah
5-19: Byzantine hymn, Brooklyn, NY
6-2: Ravi Shankar (sitar) with Alla Rakha (tabla) at Monterey Pop Festival
7-4: Otis Redding at Monterey Pop Festival
7-5: Janis Joplin at Monterey Pop Festival
7-15: Playing for Change multimedia music project
7-16: “One Love,” Playing for Change version
8-3: Bela Fleck and the Flecktones with Tuvan throat singer Kongar and tabla player Sandip Burman
8-4: Cajun Mardi Gras
8-5: Cajun begging songs in Iota, LA
8-6: Cajun twin fiddling, LA
8-7: Afro-Cajun accordion style, LA
8-9: Montagnard Community dance, Greensboro, NC
8-10: Montagnard hanging gongs and barrel drum, Raleigh, NC
8-11: Trung (Montagnard bamboo xylophone), Greensboro, NC
8-12: Gong (Montagnard tube zither), Greensboro, NC
8-13: Ding nam (Montagnard mouth organ), Raleigh, NC
8-14: Montagnard song by Hip Ksor, Raleigh, NC
8-15: Montagnard hip hop artist, Mondega, Raleigh, NC
10-14: Mennonite choir
10-15: Thomas A. Dorsey, African American gospel
11-1: Gospel brass shout band, Washington, D.C.
13-6: Kaira Ba, West African-American fusion band, North Carolina
15-5: Marian Anderson, Washington, D.C.

SOUTH AMERICA

Argentina
7-2: Tango
7-3: Argentine dance orchestras with bandoneon (button accordion)
Brazil
2-26: Sergio and Odair Assad, guitar duo
2-63: Pandeiro (frame drum)
3-7: Bateria percussion ensemble, Rio de Janeiro
15-9: Mocidade Samba School, Rio de Janeiro
Colombia
2-46: Clarinet
Paraguay
2-14: Paraguayan harp
Peru
2-3: Quechua traditional ensemble, Cuzco
14-2: Virgen del Carmen festival, Paucartambo
Suriname
1-1: Competing Amazonian songbirds, Paramaribo
2-69: Baithak gana (“seated singing”), Paramaribo
5-10: Apenti (Surinamese talking drum)
7-9: Afro-Surinamese drumming patterns
7-10: Native American dance, Paramaribo
7-11: Afro-Surinamese dance, Paramaribo
7-12: East Indian dance, Paramaribo
7-13: Jaran kapang (Javanese hobby horse dance), Paramaribo
8-20: The Folkloristisch Ensemble (dance), Paramaribo
8-21: Henk Tjon's funeral, Paramaribo
11-5: Afro-Surinamese Winti ceremony
12-11: Saramaccan Maroon ceremony

CARIBBEAN

Jamaica
7-16: “One Love” (original by Bob Marley), Playing for Change version
Puerto Rico
2-64: Congas
3-13: Tito Puente (timbales)
5-3: Tito Puente salsa band
Trinidad and Tobago
2-81: Steel bands compilation
5-13: Tassa drumming
8-16: Chutney wining
8-17: Mungal Patasar and Pantar music video
8-18: Mungal Patasar and Pantar rehearsal
15-10: J’Ouvert carnival song, Port of Spain

ASIA

EAST ASIA

Japan
2-9: Japanese epic narrator
3-5: Shakuhachi (Japanese bamboo flute)
3-35: Sankyoku (music for three instruments)
5-6: Geisha song and dance
11-10: Bon Odori dance for Obon celebrations, Tokyo
11-11: Buddhist chant, Kyoto
11-12: Children drumming, Obon performance, Kyoto
11-13: Ritual pole spinning, Obon performance, Kyoto
11-14: Lion and spider dance, Obon performance, Kyoto
13-10: Japanese epic narrator and biwa accompaniment
14-3: Bunraku puppet theater
People’s Republic of China
2-22: Pipa (Chinese lute)
2-35: Guqin (Chinese long zither)
2-36: Guzheng (Chinese long zither)
2-44: Suona (Chinese oboe)
2-50: Chinese sheng (mouth organ) and accordion
2-70: Musical saw
2-77: Hand-held gongs
2-79: Tam tam
3-16: Muqam (Uighur modal system)
3-18: Pentatonic Chinese melody on erhu (one-string fiddle)
3-36: Jiangnan sizhu (Chinese wind and string ensemble)
5-11: “Sai Ma” (Horse Race) on erhu
8-19: “Nostalgia” by Ma Sicong
10-6: Buddhist walking meditation, Shanxi province
11-2: Nadun celebration, Qinghai province
12-3: Musical water fountain display, Buddhist theme park, Wuxi
12-5: Two Daoist processions, Hong Kong and Xian
12-10: Funeral rituals, Shaanbei, Shaanxi province
13-8: Shuoshude (blind storyteller), Suide, Shaanxi province
13-9: Touring company of blind musicians, Beijing
Republic of Korea
2-10: National Gugak Orchestra
2-37: Kayagum (long zither)
2-42: Taepyongso (Korean oboe)
2-60: Changgo (hourglass drum)
2-66: Large hanging bell
2-83: Shinawi Korean folk ensemble
3-4: Korean rhythmic pattern
3-19: Sijo (traditional Korean art song)
3-20: Ajaeng (Korean seven-string bowed zither)
8-2: Korean kayagums with DJ, beatboxing, and breakdancing
10-1: Korean Buddhist chant
13-11: Pansori, excerpt from Sopyonje feature film
13-12: Pansori, UNESCO video
14-1: T’al ch’um masked dance drama
Tibetan Regions
2-6: Tibetan love song
2-53: Dung-chen (Tibetan trumpets)
2-75: Rolmo (Tibetan cymbals)
6-1: Kajod Wangmo singing “sky song”
7-7: “Tibetans” by Acko Choedrag
7-8: Acko Choedrag at Kumbum Monastery
9-6: Plateau Music Project Infomercial
9-8: Tibetan nomadic song
10-10: Tara Sutra (Buddhist prayers)
11-4: Buddhist monks perform Black Hat dance

SOUTH ASIA

Afghanistan
3-29: Rabab (Afghani plucked lute)
Bangladesh
3-30: Bansuri (Bangladeshi bamboo flute)
India
2-21: Sitar (North Indian lute)
2-31: Sarangi (North Indian fiddle)
2-43: Nadaswaram (South Indian oboe)
2-72: Jaltarang (Indian, tuned, water-filled ceramic bowls)
2-84: South Indian violin
3-12: Ghatam (South Indian clay pot)
3-17: Concert for Bangladesh
3:21: Karnatak vocal music
3-25: Tambura (Indian long-necked lute)
6-2: Ravi Shankar (sitar) with Alla Rakha (tabla) at Monterey Pop Festival
10-2: Vedic chant
10-3: Vedic chant, Kerala
10-11: Qawwali singers, Nizamuddin shrine, Delhi
11-8: Bharatanatyam, South Indian classical dance
11-16: Kathakali, South Indian dance drama
12-1: Ganga Puja, Benares
12-6: Hindu wedding procession, Agra
12-7: Hindu ritual procession, Manali, Himachal Pradesh
13-13: Epic of Pabuji, Rajasthan
Pakistan
10-12: Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Qawwali party

SOUTHEAST ASIA

Bali – Indonesia
11-15: Calonarang performance, Camphuan Temple, Ubud
Java – Indonesia
2-80: Javanese gamelan
3-14: Gamelan tuning systems
7-13: Jaran kapang (Javanese hobby horse dance), Suriname
14-4: Wayang Kulit shadow puppet theater
Laos
2-41: Nplooj (Hmong leaf)
10-5: Theravada Buddhist chant
Myanmar (Burma)
2-15: Saung gauk (Burmese harp)
2-57: Pat waing (drum circle)
12-2: Sound of gongs at the Golden Rock, Kyaiktiyo
Philippines
2-78: Tuned gongs
Thailand
2-49: Khaen (mouth organ)

AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA

AUSTRALIA

10-16: Darlene Zschech, praise and worship song

OCEANIA

Papua New Guinea
1-2: Buzzing beetle, Kaulong area, southwest New Britain

EUROPE

Austria
2-29: Ciompi String Quartet
3-39: Electronic instruments
Bulgaria
3-24: Gaida (Bulgarian bagpipe)
3-28: Gadulka (Bulgarian fiddle)
6-3: Maria Stoyanova playing gaida
Croatia
6-4: Celebration of Croatia joining the European Union
13-3: Dane Jurić, Croatian epic singer and gusle player
13-4: Ruža Jolić, Croatian epic singer and gusle player
England
2-51: English concertina
5-1: John Lennon, “Mother”
10-7: Qur’anic recitation, UK
France
2-46: Clarinet
3-23: Couperin, “Seour Monique” on double Flemish harpsichord
3-27: Benedictine nuns
5-4: Nadia Boulanger
5-23: “The Internationale”
15-1: Busking musicians: 2. France
Germany
2-82: Theremin
8-1: Johann Pachelbel, Canon in D
Greece
2-16: Lyre documentary
2-32: Santouri (Greek hammered dulcimer)
Greenland
9-4: Nuuk Posse, Greenland hip hop group
Hungary
2-48: Klezmer
Ireland
2-51: English concertina
13-7: O’Carolan piece on Celtic harp
Italy
2-34: Harpsichord
2-45: Cornamusa (Italian bagpipe)
15-1: Busking musicians: 1. Rome
Montenegro
13-2: Avđo Mededović, epic singer and gusle player
Netherlands
2-56: Timpani
Portugal
5-2: Fado
Sardinia
2-47: Launeddas (Sardinian triple-pipe clarinet)
Scotland
2-13: Scottish tune on Celtic harp
5-15: Royal Military Tattoo, Edinburgh Castle
Spain
2-65: Church bells in Seville
2-68: Castanets
Switzerland
3-37: “Large Hadron Rap”
Ukraine
7-1: Bandura (Ukrainian lute-zither)

MIDDLE EAST

General
2-18: Ud (Arabic lute)
2-28: Kamanche  (spike fiddle)
2-33: Qanun (Arabic zither)
2-59: Derbake (goblet drum)
2-74: Zil (finger cymbals)
3-2: Souhail Kaspar rhythm demonstration on dumbek (goblet drum)
3-3: Belly Dance
3-22: Taqsim improvisation on ud (Arabic lute)
3-31: “Samai Nahawand,” Simon Shaheen
See Uganda. 10-9: Adhan (Call to Prayer)
Azerbaijan
2-28: Kamanche  (spike fiddle)
3-15: Mugam (Azeri modal system)
5-21: Azeri house concert
10-13: Azeri zikr (ritual prayer)
Egypt
2-33: Qanun (Arabic zither)
3-3: Belly Dance
7-6: Umm Kulthum
10-8: Sheikh Abdul Basit, Qur’anic recitation
Iran
2-19: Tar (Iranian lute)
2-20: Setar (Iranian lute)
5-5: Mohammad Reza Shahjarian, vocalist
Israel
12-8: Shofar (ram’s horn), Jerusalem
Lebanon
3-2: Souhail Kaspar rhythm demonstration on dumbek (goblet drum)
3-22: Taqsim improvisation on ud (Arabic lute)
Morocco
2-30: Kamanja (Moroccan viola)
Turkey
2-33: Qanun (Arabic zither)
2-74: Zil (finger cymbals)
2-76: Soultone cymbals
11-6: Whirling dervishes
11-7: Mevlevi dervishes, Istanbul

Video Index by Voices and Instruments

VOICES

2-1: Vocal folds
2-2: Young voices (Ethiopia, PRC, Trinidad and Tobago)
2-3: Quechua traditional ensemble, Cuzco, Peru
2-4: Katajjaq, Inuit throat singing, Nunavut, Canada
2-5: Jimmie Rodgers
2-6: Tibetan love song
2-7: Old Time Camp Meeting song
2-8: West African praise singer
2-9: Japanese epic narrator
3-8: Prison work gangs
3-9: Ghanaian work rhythms
3-15: Alim Qasimov (Azeri traditional mugam)
3-19: Sijo (traditional Korean art song)
3-34: Isicathamiya, a cappella vocal ensemble
5-1:  John Lennon (“Mother”)
5-2:  Fado (Portuguese traditional song)
5-5: Mohammad Reza Shahjarian, Iranian vocalist
5-7: Bi Kidude, Zanzibari vocalist
5-14: South African lullaby
5-19: Byzantine hymn of Saint Kassia
5-22: Madagascan a cappella trio (“Lanitra Manga Manga”)
6-1: Tibetan “sky song” (Kajod Wangmo)
7-4: Otis Redding (“I’ve Been Loving You Too Long”)
7-5: Janis Joplin (“Ball and Chain”)
7-6: Umm Kulthum (Egyptian vocalist)
7-7: Acko Choedrag (Tibetan vocalist and songwriter)
7-11: Surinamese Creole teens (traditional Winti songs)
7-16: “One Love” (original by Bob Marley), Playing for Change version
8-3: Tuvan throat singing by Kongar-ol Ondar (“A Moment So Close” by Bela Fleck)
8-5: Cajun begging songs
8-14: Montagnard American song
8-15: Montagnard American hip hop 
9-4: Greenland hip hop
9-7: Tibetan love song
9-8: Tibetan nomadic song
10-1: Korean Buddhist chant
10-2: Vedic chant
10-3: Vedic chant, Kerala
10-4: Gregorian chant (Benedictine nuns of Notre-Dame-l’Annonciation)
10-5: Theravada Buddhist monks, Laos
10-7: Qur’anic recitation (tarteel)
10-8: Sheikh Abdul Basit ‘Abd us-Samad (tadjwid)
10-9: Adhan (Call to Prayer), Uganda
10-11: Qawwali (Sufi devotional song), India
10-12: Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, qawwali singer
10-13: Azeri zikr (ritual prayer)
10-14: Mennonite choir
10-15: Thomas A. Dorsey (“Precious Lord,” African-American gospel)
10-16: Darlene Zschech (“Here in My Life,” Protestant praise and worship song)
10-18: Ugandan choral song
11-11: Japanese Buddhist chant
13-13: Croatian epic singer (guslar)
13-5: West African praise singer (jali)
13-8: Chinese storyteller (shuoshude)
13-10: Japanese epic narrator
13-11: Korean pansori epic
15-5: Marian Anderson
15-10: Trinidadian J’Ouvert carnival song

INSTRUMENTS

CHORDOPHONES

2-11: Kalumbu (musical bow), Zambia
2-12: Seperewa (bridge harp), Ghana
2-13: Celtic harp
2-14: Paraguayan harp
2-15: Saung gauk (Burmese harp)
2-16: Lyre documentary
2-17: Krar (Ethiopian lyre)
2-18: Ud (Arabic lute)
2-19: Tar (Iranian lute)
2-20: Setar (Iranian lute)
2-21: Sitar (North Indian lute)
2-22: Pipa (Chinese lute)
2-23: Ukulele (Hawaii, USA)
2-24: Akonting (Senegalese lute)
2-25: Banjo
2-26: Brazilian guitar (Sergio and Odair Assad)
2-27: Electric guitar (Jimi Hendrix)
2-28: Kamanche (Azerbaijan spike fiddle)
2-29: String quartet
2-30: Kamanja (Moroccan viola)
2-31: Sarangi (North Indian fiddle)
2-32: Santouri (Greek hammered dulcimer)
2-33: Qanun (Arabic zither)
2-34: Harpsichord
2-35: Guqin (Chinese long zither)
2-36: Guzheng (Chinese long zither)
2-37: Kayagum (Korean long zither)
2-84: South Indian violin
3-20: Ajaeng (Korean seven-string bowed zither)
5-6: Japanese shamisen (“Kyo no shiki”)
5-11: Chinese erhu (“Sai Ma”)
3-16: Tambur (five-string long-necked lute), ghichak (spike fiddle), and dutar (two-string long-necked lute)
3-17: Sarod (Ali Akbar Khan), sitar (Ravi Shankar), and tabla (Alla Rakha)
6-2: Sitar (Ravi Shankar)
7-1: Bandura (Ukrainian lute-zither)
8-6: Cajun twin fiddling
8-12: Gong (Montagnard tube zither)
8-19: Violin (“Nostalgia” by Ma Sicong)
13-3: Gusle (Balkan one-string fiddle)
13-5: Kora (West African harp-lute)
13-13: Ravanhatta (Rajasthani folk fiddle)

AEROPHONES

2-38: Native American Wooden flute
2-39: Enkwanzi (Ugandan panpipes)
2-40: Ocarina
2-41: Nplooj (Hmong leaf)
2-42: Taepyongso (Korean oboe)
2-43: Nadaswaram (Indian oboe)
2-44: Suona (Chinese oboe)
2-45: Cornamusa (Italian bagpipe)
2-46: Clarinet
2-47: Launeddas (Sardinian triple-pipe clarinet)
2-48: Klezmer (Hungarian clarinet)
2-49: Khaen (Thai mouth organ)
2-50: Chinese sheng (mouth organ) and accordion
2-51: English concertina
2-52: Wanamaker Organ
2-53: Dung-chen (Tibetan trumpets)
2-54: Brass Band
2-55: Bugle
3-5: Shakuhachi (Japanese bamboo flute)
3-24: Gaida (Bulgarian bagpipe)
5-15: Scottish Highland bagpipes (Royal Military Tattoo)
6-3: Gaida (Bulgarian bagpipe) and wedding band
7-3: Bandoneon (Argentine dance orchestras)
8-7: Afro-Cajun accordion style
8-13: Ding nam (Montagnard mouth organ)
11-1: Trombone shout band
12-8: Shofar (ram’s horn)
15-2: Sarewa flute (Nigeria)

MEMBRANOPHONES

2-56: Timpani
2-57: Pat waing (Burmese drum circle)
2-58: Talking drum (West African)
2-59: Derbake (Middle Eastern goblet drum)
2-60: Changgo (Korean hourglass drum)
2-61: Powwow drum (Native American)
2-62: Frame drum
2-63: Pandeiro (Brazilian frame drum)
2-64: Congas
2-67: Agogo (iron double bell)
3-2: Dumbek (Middle Eastern goblet drum)
3-6: West African percussion ensemble (Guinea)
3-13: Timbales (Tito Puente)
3-17: Tabla (Alla Rakha), with sarod (Ali Akbar Khan) and sitar (Ravi Shankar)
5-9: Remo talking drum
5-10: Apenti (Surinamese talking drum)
5-13: Tassa drumming (Trinidad)
7-9: Surinamese drumming patterns
15-2: Jauje talking drums (Nigeria)

IDIOPHONES

2-65: Church bells (Spain)
2-66: Large hanging bell (Korea)
2-67: Agogo (iron double bell)
2-68: Castanets (Spain)
2-69: Dhantal (Suriname)
2-70: Musical saw
2-71: Embaire (Ugandan xylophone)
2-72: Jaltarang (Indian, tuned, water-filled ceramic bowls)
2-73: Endongo (Ugandan thumb pianos)
2-74: Zil (finger cymbals)
2-75: Rolmo (Tibetan cymbals)
2-76: Soultone cymbals
2-77: Hand-held gongs (PRC)
2-78: Filipino tuned gong
2-79: Tam tam
2-80: Javanese gamelan
2-81: Steel bands (Trinidad and Tobago)
3-11: Ghanaian hand and foot drum
3-12: Ghatam (South Indian clay pot)
3-14: Gamelan (Java, Indonesia)
7-14: Surinamese gamelan
8-10: Montagnard hanging gongs
8-11: Trung (Montagnard bamboo xylophone)
11-3: Mbira (thumb piano)
12-2: Sound of gongs at the Golden Rock, Kyaiktiyo, Myanmar

ELECTROPHONE

2-82: Theremin
3-39: Electronic instruments (“Sonnez La Cloche”)

ENSEMBLE

2-10: National Gugak Orchestra (Republic of Korea)
2-29: Ciompi String Quartet
2-48: Hungarian Klezmer
2-54: North Carolina Brass Band
2-81: Steel bands (Trinidad and Tobago)
2-84: South Indian violin, kanjira (tambourine), and mridangam (barrel drum)
2-83: Shinawi Korean folk ensemble
3-1: University of Michigan Marching Band
3-6: West African polyrhythm (percussion ensemble)
3-7: Bateria (Brazilian carnival percussion ensemble)
3-14: Gamelan (Java, Indonesia)
3-17: Sarod (Ali Akbar Khan), sitar (Ravi Shankar), and tabla (Alla Rakha)
6-3: Bulgarian wedding band
7-3: Argentine dance orchestras
7-14: Surinamese gamelan
8-1: Johann Pachelbel, Canon in D (traditional instruments)
8-21: Ala Kondre ensemble, Henk Tjon's funeral, Paramaribo, Suriname
13-6: Kaira Ba, West African-American fusion band
13-9: Touring company of blind musicians, PRC
15-6: Celtic music session, Cape Breton, Canada
15-7: Celtic music session, Cape Breton, Canada

NATURAL SOUNDS

1-1: Competing Amazonian songbirds
1-2: Buzzing beetle
4-1: Humpback whales
4-2: Gibbons
4-3: Gelada baboons