Interactive Kingdoms Timeline

Kingdoms Timeline

The dissolution of the later Roman empire in the West was primarily a result of the development of numerous kingdoms in its former provinces. With the exception of the various Angle, Saxon, Jutish, and Welsh realms that emerged in the former imperial provinces of Britain, these various kingdoms gradually were assimilated into larger polities over the course of the lengthy period from c. 500–c.800, now denoted by historians as Late Antiquity. Visigothic Spain was absorbed into the Islamic Caliphate, while the lands between the Pyrenees Mountains and the Weser River were conquered by the Franks, and were incorporated into the Carolingian empire.

The division of the Carolingian empire in the mid-ninth century led once more to the appearance of numerous successor kingdoms, notably in West Francia, Lotharingia, Burgundy, East Francia, and Northern Italy. The treaty of Verdun negotiated by Charlemagne’s grandsons, Louis the German, Lothar I, and Charles the Bald, in 843 sometimes is denoted by historians as the ‘birth certificate’ of modern Europe because the kingdoms west and east of the Rhine river ultimately evolved into the modern states of France and Germany. However, this process was very slow. The French kingdom did not emerge in its ultimate form until the thirteenth century, and numerous principalities such as those in Anjou, Aquitaine, and Normandy retained de factoindependence for several centuries.

By contrast with the process of political devolution in the West, the former eastern Carolingian kingdom emerged as the dominant political power in medieval Europe from the tenth through the mid-thirteenth century. The kings of East Francia and subsequently Germany ruled the entire region between the Rhine and Elbe rivers. They also exercised regular, although not permanent, hegemony in northern Italy and in the Slavic lands beyond the Elbe in Bohemia, Polabia (the region between the Elbe and Oder rivers), and Poland. From 1033 onward, the kings of Germany also ruled the kingdom of Burgundy. However, after the mid-thirteenth century royal power significantly weakened in the German kingdom, and many dozens of local magnates gained de factoindependence, which they maintained up through the early nineteenth century.

In the period following the establishment of the German kingdom and empire during the tenth century, a number of other polities developed along its eastern frontiers that eventually emerged as kingdoms in their own right over the course of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. These include Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland. To the north of Germany, the Scandinavian realms of Norway and Sweden, which had a long pre-history as disparate competing lordships, also emerged in the period after the year 1000 as fully fledged kingdoms. By contrast, Denmark, which effectively confronted both the Carolingian and German empires, was organized as a well-established kingdom by the early ninth century.

During the ninth century, Vikings destroyed most of the independent Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in England leaving only Wessex under English rule. It was this kingdom during the reign of Alfred the Great (died 899) and his successors that ultimately united most of England, including both Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian-dominated districts. However, during the eleventh century, England became part of a number of larger political unions, following the conquest of the island by the Danish king Cnut in 1016, its conquest in 1066 by Duke William of Normandy, and then its acquisition in 1154 by Henry II, who already ruled as duke of Normandy, count of Maine, count of Brittany, count of Anjou, and duke of Aquitaine. This conglomeration of territories often is denoted by historians as the Angevin empire. By contrast with the English and Scandinavian regions of Britain, the Welsh principalities maintained their independence from Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, Normans, and Anglo-Normans until the conquest of the region by King Edward I in 1282–1283.

The Muslim conquest of Spain in 711­–715, left just the small kingdom of Asturias in Christian hands. The gradual expansion of Christian rule over the course of the next half a millennium led to the development of several independent kingdoms including Castile, Navarre, Aragon, and Portugal, as well as the county of Barcelona that includes most of what is today Catalonia. The final Muslim realm in Iberia, the kingdom of Grenada, was conquered by the joint forces of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon in 1492.

The later Middle Ages is often described by historians as the period in which national kingdoms fully emerged. It is certainly the case that both the French and English kingdoms had the territorial dimensions in this period that they would retain well into the early modern era, as did the kingdom of Sweden. The kingdoms of Aragon and Castile in Iberia also were well defined, but emerged from the medieval era unified into a single realm, which for a time also included the Kingdom of Portugal. Denmark and Norway also were united into a single kingdom, as were Poland and Lithuania. Bohemia and Hungary were absorbed into the newly emerging Habsburg empire, while the German kingdom, as noted above, dissolved into scores of principalities, duchies, counties, and imperial cities.

To begin exploring the timeline below, items can be clicked on to display the full text. Dragging the timeline to the left or right will pan through the range of years. The and arrows can be used to navigate through each event consecutively. The or icons will zoom in or out, changing the range of years shown in the viewport.

Interactive Kingdoms Timeline

Key Empires, Kingdoms, Principalities, and Military Operations.

285 — 476

Late Roman Empire in the West

357

Battle of Strasbourg

Victory of Roman army under command of Caesar Julian over the Alamanni

378

Battle of Adrianople

Victory of a Visigothic-Alan army over the eastern field army of the Roman empire commanded by Emperor Valens

451

Battle of Chalons/Catalaunian fields

Victory of the Roman imperial army of the West under the command of Aetius over the Hunnic and allied army commanded by Attila.

466 — 711

Visigothic Kingdom

476 — 532

Burgundian Kingdom

481 — 751

Frankish Kingdom Merovingian Dynasty

493 — 553

Ostrogothic Kingdom

496

Battle of Tolbiac

Victory of a Frankish army under Clovis over the Alemanni

500

Siege of Avignon

Surrender of this fortress city to the Frankish king Clovis I

507

Battle of Vouillé

Victory of a Frankish army under the command of King Clovis over a Visigothic army commanded by King Alaric II

519 — 1066

Kingdom of Wessex/England

527 — 918

Kingdom of Mercia

531

Battle of the Unstrut

Victory of a Frankish army over a Thuringian host

534 — 624

Byzantine conquests in Western Mediterranean (Italy, North Africa, Spain)

554

Battle of Rimini

Victory of a Byzantine army over a Frankish army

568 — 773

Lombard Kingdom

617

Siege of Thessalonica

Failed Avar and Slav siege of this fortress city

626

Siege of Constantinople

Failed Avar and Persian siege of Constantinople

633

Battle of Heavenfield

Northumbrian victory under King Oswald over the Welsh of Gwynedd led by Cadwallon

674 — 678

Siege of Constantinople

Failed Muslim siege of Constantinople

711

Battle of Guadalquivir

Victory of Muslim army commanded by Tariq ibn Ziyad over Visigothic army commanded by King Roderic.

711 — 1492

Islamic Caliphate in Spain

717 — 718

Siege of Constantinople

Failed Muslim siege of this fortress city

718 — 924

Kingdom of Asturias

719

Battle of Covadonga

Victory of Christians in Spain over Muslim invaders

732

Battle of Tours

Victory of Frankish army under Charles Martel over the Muslims under the command of Abd el-Rahman

751 — 987

Frankish Kingdom under Carolingian Rule (West)

751 — 911

Frankish Kingdom under Carolingian Rule (East)

754

Siege of Pavia

Successful siege of the Lombard capital by King Pepin I

756

Siege of Pavia

Successful siege of the Lombard capital by King Pepin I

762

Siege of Bourges

Successful siege of this fortress city by King Pepin I

773 — 774

Siege of Pavia

Successful siege of Pavia by Charlemagne and capture of the Lombard king Desiderius

773 — 875

Lombard Kingdom under Carolingian Rule

780 — 1380

Kingdom of Denmark (independent)

800 — 924

Carolingian Empire

801 — 802

Siege of Barcelona

Successful operation to capture the fortress city of Barcelona by King Louis the Pious

809

Siege of Tarragona

Successful siege of this fortress city by King Louis the Pious

809

Siege of Tortosa

Successful siege of this fortress city by King Louis the Pious

811

Siege of Pamplona

Successful siege of this fortress city by King Louis the Pious

824 — 1524

Kingdom of Navarre

831

Siege of Palermo

Capture of this fortress city by a Muslim army

841

Battle of Fontenoy

Victory of combined armies of the Carolingian kings Louis the German and Charles the Bald over the armies of the Carolingian kings Lothar I and Pepin of Aquitaine

871

Battle of Reading

Viking defeat of an army commanded by King Aethelred of Wessex and his younger brother Alfred

871

Battle of Ashdown

Victory of an Anglo-Saxon army commanded by King Aethelred of Wessex and his younger brother Alfred over the Vikings

872 — 1380

Kingdom of Norway (independent)

875 — 1198

Duchy of Bohemia

876

Battle of Andernach

Victory of the Carolingian ruler Louis the Younger over his uncle King Charles the Bald

878

Battle of Edgington

Victory of an Anglo-Saxon army commanded by King Alfred of Wessex over the Vikings

878

Battle of Roncevaux

Victory of Basques over Carolingian rear-guard that led to the Roland myth and epic

885 — 886

Siege of Paris

Unsuccessful siege of this fortress city by a large Viking army

888 — 1137

Duchy of Aquitaine (Independent)

891

Battle of Geule

Victory of a Viking army over an East Frankish army in the spring

891

Battle of the Dyle

Victory in September of East Frankish army commanded by King Arnulf over the Viking army that had been victorious at Maastricht earlier in the year

896

Siege of Rome

Unsuccessful siege of Rome by the Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia

911 — 1024

East Frankish/German Kingdom

911 — 1144

Duchy of Normandy (independent)

921

Siege of Regensburg

Henry I used siege to compel Duke Arnulf of Bavaria to accept Henry's rule as king

924 — 1504

Kingdom of Léon, Léon-Castile, and Castile

929

Siege of Brandenburg

Capture of this Slavic fortress by King Henry I of Germany

929

Siege of Gana

Capture of this Slavic fortress by King Henry I of Germany

929

Siege of Prague

Capture of this Slavic fortress by King Henry I of Germany

929

Siege and Battle of Lenzen

Successful siege of the Slavic fortress of Lenzen and victory by the Saxon expeditionary army over a Slavic army trying to relieve the siege

929 — 1151

County of Anjou (independent)

933

Battle of Riade

Victory of East Frankish/German army under command of King Henry I over the Hungarians

933 — 1033

Kingdom of Burgundy

939

Battle of Andernach

Victory of a royal army loyal to King Otto I over the rebellious dukes Eberhard of Franconia and Gislebert of Lotharingia

939

Siege of Chièvrement

Successful siege of this rebel-held fortress by King Otto I of Germany

946

Siege of Laon

Successful siege of this fortress by King Otto I of Germany

946

Siege of Rheims

Successful siege of this fortress city by Otto I of Germany and Louis IV of West Francia

946

Siege of Rouen

Failed siege of Rouen by Otto I of Germany

949

Siege of Senlis

Unsuccessful siege of the fortress city of Senlis by King Otto I of Germany

951

Siege of Pavia

Successful siege of this fortress city by Otto I of Germany

953 — 954

Siege of Mainz

Successful siege of the city of Mainz by King Otto I of Germany

954

Siege of Regensburg

Successful siege of the city of Regensburg by King Otto I of Germany

954

Siege and Battle of Mantahinga

Victory of forces loyal to King Otto I against rebel troops besieging the fortification at Mantahinga in Swabia

955

Siege of Regensburg

Successful siege of the city of Regensburg by King Otto I of Germany

955

Siege of Augsburg

Hungarian siege of Augsburg that led to the battle of the Lechfeld

955

Battle of the Lechfeld

Draw between East Frankish/German army under command of King Otto I and the Hungarians, which was followed by the destruction of the Hungarian army as it tried to withdraw back to Hungary

955

Battle of the Recknitz

Victory of an East Frankish/German army under the command of Otto I over the Obodrites, a Slavic confederation

960 — 1025

Duchy of Poland

961

Siege of Pavia

Capture of the fortress city by King Otto I of Germany

961 — 963

Siege of St. Leo

Capture of this mountain fortress by Otto I of Germany following two-year siege

968 — 1032

German Empire (including Lombardy)

970 — 1521

Kingdom of Sweden

982

Battle of Cap Colonna

Victory of Emir Abu al-Qasim of Sicily over a German-Italian army commanded by Emperor Otto II

984

Siege of Verdun

Successful siege of this fortress city by King Lothair IV of West Francia

987 — 1328

French Kingdom (Capetian Dynasty)

992

Battle of Conquereuil

Victory of Angevin army commanded by Count Fulk Nerra over a Breton army commanded by Count Conan

1000 — 1526

Kingdom of Hungary

1001

Siege of Paris

Capture of the Eternal city by Emperor Otto III

1002

Siege of Tivoli

Successful siege of this fortress by Emperor Otto III

1003

Siege of Amerthal

Successful siege by King Henry II of Germany of the fortress held by the rebel Henry of Schweinfurt

1008

Siege of Trier

Successful siege of the fortress in Trier by King Henry II of Germany

1009

Siege of Metz

Successful siege of the fortress city by King Henry II of Germany

1016

Battle of Pontlevoy

Victory of Angevin army commanded by Count Fulk Nerra over army of Count Odo I of Blois

1017

Siege of Glogau

Failed siege of this fortress by Emperor Henry II

1018

Battle of Vlaardingen

Victory of Frisian peasants over a royal German army

1022

Siege of Troia

Failed siege of this fortress by Emperor Henry II

1024 — 1254

German Kingdom (united)

1025 — 1385

Kingdom of Poland

1027

Siege of Lucca

Successful siege of this fortress city by King Conrad II of Germany

1032 — 1254

German Empire (including Lombardy and Burgundy)

1035 — 1504

Kingdom of Aragon

1044

Battle of Nouey

Victory of Angevin army over Count Odo II of Blois

1047

Battle of Val-ès-Dunes

Victory of army commanded by King Henry I of France and Duke William II of Normandy against rebel Norman barons and Guy of Burgundy

1054

Battle of Mortemer

Victory of Norman army commanded by Duke William II over French army commanded by King Henry I

1057

Battle of Varaville

Victory of a Norman army over an Angevin force commanded by Count Geoffrey Martel

1066

Battle of Stamford Bridge

Victory of an Anglo-Saxon army commanded by King Harold II over a Norwegian army commanded by King Harald Hardrada of Norway.

1066

Battle of Hastings

Victory of William the Conqueror over King Harold II of England

1066

Siege of Dover Castle

Capture of this fortress by William the Conqueror

1066 — 1154

Anglo-Norman England

1067

Siege of Exeter

Successful siege of the fortified city of Exeter by King William I

1071

Battle of Manzikert

Victory by a Turkish army under the command of Alp Arslan over a Byzantine army commanded by Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes

1072

Siege of Lüneburg

Capture of royal fortress by Saxon rebels

1073

Siege of Harzburg

Failed siege of this royal fortress by Saxon rebels

1077

Siege of Würzburg

Failed siege of this fortress city by the German anti-king Rudolf of Rheinfelden

1081

Siege of Rome

Failed siege of Rome by King Henry IV of Germany

1081

Battle of Dyrrhachium

Victory of a Norman/Southern Italian army under the command of Robert Guiscard over a Byzantine army commanded by Emperor Alexios Komnenos

1084

Siege of Rome

Successful siege of Rome by Henry IV

1085

Siege of Toledo

Capture of this fortress city by King Alfonso VI of Castile

1086

Siege

Successful siege of this fortress city by the German anti-king Hermann of Salm

1086

Battle of Bleichfeld

Victory of the army of the German anti-king Hermann of Salm over King Henry IV of Germany who sought to relieve the siege of Würzburg

1086

Battle of Sagrajas

Victory of Muslim Almoravid army over King Alfonso VI of Castile

1097

Siege and Battle of Nicaea

The crusader siege of Nicaea lasted from 14 May to 19 June 1097. The Turkish ruler Kilj Arslan sought to break the siege by attacking the crusaders on 21 May but was defeated.

1097

Battle of Dorylaeum

Victory of crusader army over army of Kilij Arslan, Sultan of Rum

1097 — 1098

Siege and Battle of Antioch

The crusaders besieged Antioch from 21 October 1097 to 2 June 1098. Within days of capturing the city, the crusaders were besieged in turn by a Muslim army under the command of Kerbogha, the ruler of Mosul. The crusaders defeated Kerbogha in battle on 28 June 1098.

1098 — 1268

Principality of Antioch

1098 — 1144

County of Edessa

1099 — 1187

Kingdom of Jerusalem (rump continued to 1291)

1100

Battle of Melitene

Victory of Danishmend Turkish ruler Malik Ghazi over army of principality of Antioch commanded by Bohemond I

1102 — 1289

County of Tripoli

1104

Battle of Harran

Victory by Seljuk Turks over armies of county of Edessa and Principality of Antioch

1105

Siege of Cologne

Failed siege of Cologne by King Henry V of Germany

1106

Battle of Tinchebray

Victory of King Henry I of England over his brother Duke Robert of Normandy

1119

Battle of the Field of Blood

Army of the principality of Antioch defeated by a Muslim army under command of Ilghazi of Mardin, ruler of Aleppo

1119

Battle of Brémule

Victory of King Henry I of England over King Louis VI of France

1132 — 1189

Kingdom of Norman Sicily

1138

Battle of the Standard

Victory of Anglo-Norman barons over King David of Scotland

1139 — 1521

Kingdom of Portugal

1147

Siege of Lisbon

Capture of this fortress city by crusader army participating in the Second Crusade

1154 — 1485

Angevin England

1158

Siege of Milan

Capture of this fortress city by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa

1159

Siege of Crema

Capture of this fortress city by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa

1162

Siege of Milan

Successful siege and capture of Milan by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa

1164

Battle of Harim

Victory of Muslim army under command of Nur ad-Din Zengi over combined armies of the crusader states of Tripoli, Antioch, and the Byzantine empire

1167 — 1250

League of Lombard Cities

1187

Battle of Hattin

Victory by Saladin over the army of the kingdom of Jerusalem commanded by Guy de Lusignan

1189 — 1191

Siege of Acre

Successful siege of Acre by crusading armies, including English and French forces commanded by King Richard I and King Philip II

1190

Sea Battle at Acre

Victory of crusaders over Saladin's fleet

1191

Battle of Arsuf

Victory of crusading army commanded by King Richard of England over Muslim army commanded by Saladin

1198

Battle of Gisors

Victory of Richard I of England over Philip II of France

1198 — 1437

Kingdom of Bohemia

1203 — 1204

Sieges of Constantinople

Two sieges of Constantinople by the army of the Fourth Crusade

1209

Siege of Carcassonne

Successful siege of Carcassone by Simon de Montfort 1-15 August during the Albigensian crusade

1212

Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa

Victory of Christian armies under command of Kings Alfonso VIII of Castile, Sancho VII of Navarre, Peter II of Aragon, and Afonso II of Portugal over the Muslim army of the Almohads in Spain

1213

Battle of Muret

Victory of Simon de Montfort over King Peter II of Aragon

1214

Battle of Bouvines

Victory of a French army commanded by King Philip II of France over a combined Flemish-German army led by King Otto IV of Germany.

1217 — 1218

Siege of Tolouse

Siege of Tolouse by Simon de Montfort October 1217 to June 1218 ending with death of Simon

1218 — 1219

Siege of Damietta

Successful siege of this Muslim fortress city by the armies of the Fifth Crusade

1227

Battle of the Ane

Victory of a force of peasants from the Drenthe region over the army of Bishop Otto II of Utrecht

1236 — 1385

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

1249

Siege of Damietta

Capture of the fortress of Damietta by King Louis IX of France

1250

Battle of Al Mansura

Victory of Muslim army over a crusader army commanded by King Louis IX of France in the Nile Delta

1254 — 1257

League of Rhenish Cities

1262

Battle of Hausbergen

Victory of Strasbourg militia over army of Bishop Walter of Strasbourg

1264

Battle of Lewes

Victory of Simon de Montfort and his fellow barons over the royalist army commanded by King Henry III of England

1265

Battle of Evesham

Victory of royalist army commanded by King Henry III and Prince Edward over Simon de Montfort's baronial army.

1265

Siege of Arsuf

Capture of the fortress of Arsuf by Baibars, ruler of the Mamluks

1266

Battle of Benevento

Charles of Anjou defeated Manfred, the ruler of Sicily, and conquered both this island and southern Italy.

1271

Siege of Krak des Chevaliers

Fortress captured by Baibars, ruler of the Mamluks

1282

Battle of Orwin Bridge

English army defeated Welsh under command of Prince Llewellyn of Gwynedd and pave the way for the conquest of Wales by King Edward I

1291

Siege of Acre

Successful Mamluk siege of last Christian-held city in kingdom of Jerusalem 4 April - 18 May 1291

1294 — 1295

Siege of Carnarvon Castle

Failed Welsh siege of this English stronghold

1297

Battle of Stirling Bridge

Victory of a Scottish army under command of William Wallace and Andrew Moray over an English army commanded by Hugh de Cressingham and John de Warenne

1298

Battle of Falkirk

Victory of English army under command of Edward I over a Scottish army commanded by William Wallace.

1302

Battle of Courtrai

Victory of Flemish urban levies over French royal army commanded by Philip IV of France.

1304

Siege of Stirling castle

Successful siege of this fortress by Edward I of England

1304

Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle

Draw between Flemish and French armies, which led to treaty between the two sides

1307

Battle of Loudon

Victory of a Scottish army under the command of Robert Bruce over English army commanded by Aymer de Valance

1314

Battle of Bannockburn

Victory of the Scottish army under King Robert Bruce over English army commanded by King Edward II

1315

Battle of Morgarten

Victory of Swiss over Austrians leading to development of Swiss confederation

1328 — 1589

French Kingdom (Valois Dynasty)

1332

Battle of Duplin Moor

Victory of a Scottish army supporting the rights of the infant David II against a Scottish army pressing the claim to the throne of Edward Balliol

1333

Battle of Halidon Hill

Victory of English army under command of Edward III over the Scots

1346

Battle of Crécy

Victory of English army under command of Edward III over French army commanded by Philip VI

1346

Battle of Neville's Cross

Victory of an English army over a Scottish army commanded by King David II, who was also captured

1356

Battle of Poitiers

Victory of English army under command of Edward the Black Prince over a French army commanded by King John II, who also was captured

1356 — 1700

Hanseatic League

1363 — 1477

Grand Duchy of Burgundy

1367

Battle of Najera

Victory of an English army under command of the Edward the Black Prince over a combined Castilian and French army

1382

Battle of Roosebeke

Victory of a French army commanded by King Charles VI over Flemish forces

1385 — 1569

Polish-Lithuanian Kingdom

1396

Battle of Nicopolis

Ottoman Turkish victory over a coalition of central and western European crusading armies

1415

Battle of Agincourt

Victory of King Henry V of England over French royal army

1424

Battle of Verneuil

Victory of English army over combined French and Scottish force

1428 — 1429

Siege of Orleans

Joan of Arc relieved the English siege of Orlean which had lasted from 12 October 1428 until 8 May 1429

1453

Siege of Constantinople

Successful Ottoman siege of Constantinople in April and May 1453

1473 — 1474

Siege of Neuss

Unsuccessful siege of this fortress by Charles the Bold of Burgundy

1476

Battle of Grandson

Victory of Swiss Confederation over Burgundian army commanded by Archduke Charles the Bold

1476

Battle of Morat

Victory of the Swiss Confederation over Burgundian army commanded by Charles the Bold

1477

Battle of Nancy

Victory of the Swiss confederation over the Burgundians commanded by Archduke Charles the Bold, who was killed in the battle

 
Late Roman Empire in the West
285 — 476

Late Roman Empire in the West

Battle of Strasbourg

Battle of Adrianople

Battle of Chalons/Catalaunian fields

Visigothic Kingdom

Burgundian Kingdom

Frankish Kingdom Merovingian Dynasty

Ostrogothic Kingdom

Battle of Tolbiac

Siege of Avignon

Battle of Vouillé

Kingdom of Wessex/England

Kingdom of Mercia

Battle of the Unstrut

Byzantine conquests in Western Mediterranean (Italy, North Africa, Spain)

Battle of Rimini

Lombard Kingdom

Siege of Thessalonica

Siege of Constantinople

Battle of Heavenfield

Siege of Constantinople

Battle of Guadalquivir

Islamic Caliphate in Spain

Siege of Constantinople

Kingdom of Asturias

Battle of Covadonga

Battle of Tours

Frankish Kingdom under Carolingian Rule (West)

Frankish Kingdom under Carolingian Rule (East)

Siege of Pavia

Siege of Pavia

Siege of Bourges

Siege of Pavia

Lombard Kingdom under Carolingian Rule

Kingdom of Denmark (independent)

Carolingian Empire

Siege of Barcelona

Siege of Tarragona

Siege of Tortosa

Siege of Pamplona

Kingdom of Navarre

Siege of Palermo

Battle of Fontenoy

Battle of Reading

Battle of Ashdown

Kingdom of Norway (independent)

Duchy of Bohemia

Battle of Andernach

Battle of Edgington

Battle of Roncevaux

Siege of Paris

Duchy of Aquitaine (Independent)

Battle of Geule

Battle of the Dyle

Siege of Rome

East Frankish/German Kingdom

Duchy of Normandy (independent)

Siege of Regensburg

Kingdom of Léon, Léon-Castile, and Castile

Siege of Brandenburg

Siege of Gana

Siege of Prague

Siege and Battle of Lenzen

County of Anjou (independent)

Battle of Riade

Kingdom of Burgundy

Battle of Andernach

Siege of Chièvrement

Siege of Laon

Siege of Rheims

Siege of Rouen

Siege of Senlis

Siege of Pavia

Siege of Mainz

Siege of Regensburg

Siege and Battle of Mantahinga

Siege of Regensburg

Siege of Augsburg

Battle of the Lechfeld

Battle of the Recknitz

Duchy of Poland

Siege of Pavia

Siege of St. Leo

German Empire (including Lombardy)

Kingdom of Sweden

Battle of Cap Colonna

Siege of Verdun

French Kingdom (Capetian Dynasty)

Battle of Conquereuil

Kingdom of Hungary

Siege of Paris

Siege of Tivoli

Siege of Amerthal

Siege of Trier

Siege of Metz

Battle of Pontlevoy

Siege of Glogau

Battle of Vlaardingen

Siege of Troia

German Kingdom (united)

Kingdom of Poland

Siege of Lucca

German Empire (including Lombardy and Burgundy)

Kingdom of Aragon

Battle of Nouey

Battle of Val-ès-Dunes

Battle of Mortemer

Battle of Varaville

Battle of Stamford Bridge

Battle of Hastings

Siege of Dover Castle

Anglo-Norman England

Siege of Exeter

Battle of Manzikert

Siege of Lüneburg

Siege of Harzburg

Siege of Würzburg

Siege of Rome

Battle of Dyrrhachium

Siege of Rome

Siege of Toledo

Siege

Battle of Bleichfeld

Battle of Sagrajas

Siege and Battle of Nicaea

Battle of Dorylaeum

Siege and Battle of Antioch

Principality of Antioch

County of Edessa

Kingdom of Jerusalem (rump continued to 1291)

Battle of Melitene

County of Tripoli

Battle of Harran

Siege of Cologne

Battle of Tinchebray

Battle of the Field of Blood

Battle of Brémule

Kingdom of Norman Sicily

Battle of the Standard

Kingdom of Portugal

Siege of Lisbon

Angevin England

Siege of Milan

Siege of Crema

Siege of Milan

Battle of Harim

League of Lombard Cities

Battle of Hattin

Siege of Acre

Sea Battle at Acre

Battle of Arsuf

Battle of Gisors

Kingdom of Bohemia

Sieges of Constantinople

Siege of Carcassonne

Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa

Battle of Muret

Battle of Bouvines

Siege of Tolouse

Siege of Damietta

Battle of the Ane

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Siege of Damietta

Battle of Al Mansura

League of Rhenish Cities

Battle of Hausbergen

Battle of Lewes

Battle of Evesham

Siege of Arsuf

Battle of Benevento

Siege of Krak des Chevaliers

Battle of Orwin Bridge

Siege of Acre

Siege of Carnarvon Castle

Battle of Stirling Bridge

Battle of Falkirk

Battle of Courtrai

Siege of Stirling castle

Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle

Battle of Loudon

Battle of Bannockburn

Battle of Morgarten

French Kingdom (Valois Dynasty)

Battle of Duplin Moor

Battle of Halidon Hill

Battle of Crécy

Battle of Neville's Cross

Battle of Poitiers

Hanseatic League

Grand Duchy of Burgundy

Battle of Najera

Battle of Roosebeke

Polish-Lithuanian Kingdom

Battle of Nicopolis

Battle of Agincourt

Battle of Verneuil

Siege of Orleans

Siege of Constantinople

Siege of Neuss

Battle of Grandson

Battle of Morat

Battle of Nancy

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Empires, Kingdoms, Principalities
Military Operations