Bacteria

Latin name Gram stain Morphology Disease Chapter

Acinetobacter
Gram - bacteremia 25

Actinomyces species
Gram + tooth decay 22

Bacillus species
Gram + ocular infection, meningitis, endocarditis 9, 19, 20

Bacillus anthracis
Gram + cutaneous anthrax, inhalation anthrax 1, 4, 5, 9, 19, 21, 26, 20

Bacillus cereus
Gram + food poisoning 5, 22

Bacillus subtilis
Gram + food poisoning in severely immunocompromised patients 18, 20

Bacteroides species
Gram - pelvic inflammatory disease 22, 23

Bordetella pertussis
Gram - pertussis (whooping cough) 4, 5, 6, 8, 21

Borrelia species
Gram - bacteremia, relapsing fever 6, 25

Borrelia burgdorferi
Gram - chronic meningitis, Lyme disease 6, 7, 8, 9, 24, 25

Borrelia recurrents
Gram - relapsing fever 25

Brucella species
Gram - bacteremia, brucellosis 6, 8, 25

Burkholderia mallei
Gram - glanders 8

Burkholderia pseudomallei
Gram - melioidosis 8

Campylobacter jejuni
Gram - acute intestinal disease, Campylobacter enteritis, dysentery, watery diarrhea 18, 22

Chlamydia species
Gram - genital tract infections, lymphogranuloma venereum, respiratory and cardiovascular disease, trachoma 4,19,23

Chlamydia trachomatis
Gram - cervicitis, epididymitis, lymphogranuloma venereum, non-gonococcal urethritis, salpinglitis, trachoma 5, 6, 7, 18, 23, 26

Chlamydophila pneumonia
Gram - atypical pneumonia, chlamydial pneumonia 21

Chlamydophila psittaci
Gram - atypical pneumonia, psittacosis (ornithosis) 6, 8, 21

Clostridium species
Gram + gastrointestinal infections, botulism, gas bangrene, tetanus 9, 22

Clostridium botulinum
Gram + botulism, food poisoning 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 18, 22, 24

Clostridium difficile
Gram + gastrointestinal infections, superinfections 6, 19, 20, 22

Clostridium perfringens
Gram + gas gangrene, food poisoning, watery diarrhea 5, 8, 10, 22, 26

Clostridium tetani
Gram + tetanus (lockjaw) 1,4, 5, 6, 18, 24

Corynebacterium species
Gram + catheter bacteremia, intravenous-line bacteremia 7, 9, 25, 26

Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Gram + diphtheria 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 21

Coxiella burnetii
Gram - atypical pneumonia, Q fever 6, 8, 9, 18, 21

Enterobacter species
Gram - bacteremia, nosocomial pneumonia 7, 21, 25

Enterococcus species
Gram + dental diseases, diverticular abscesses, endocarditis, infections of the bowel, appendix, and liver 6, 7, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25

Enterococcus faecalis
Gram + endocarditis 20

Escherichia coli
Gram - cystitis, meningitis, opportunistic infections, nephritis, urethritis, watery diarrhea 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25

Escherichia coli O104:H4
Gram - bloody diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome 1, 8

Escherichia coli O157:H7
Gram - gastrointestinal infections, hemolytic uremic syndrome, renal failure 1, 5, 8, 20, 22, 28

Francisella tularensis
Gram - tularaemia 6, 8, 25

Gardnerella vaginalis
Gram variable bacterial vaginitis 23

Haemophilus ducreyi
Gram - chancroid 6, 23

Haemophilus influenzae
Gram - acute purulent meningitis 6, 7, 10, 21, 24

Haemophilus influenzae type B
Gram - bacteremia, meningitis, pneumonia 24, 25

Helicobacter pylori
Gram - chronic gastritis, gastric cancer, gastroduodenal ulcer, peptic ulcers 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 22

Klebsiella pneumoniae
Gram - pneumonia 5, 7, 9, 20

Lactobacillus acidophilus
Gram + dental caries 22, 23

Legionella pneumophila
Gram - atypical pneumonia, legionellosis (Legionnaires’ disease) 6, 8, 21

Leptospira species
Gram - bacteremia, chronic meningitis 24, 25

Listeria species
Gram + bacteremia 20, 25

Listeria monocytogenes
Gram + listeriosis 4, 6, 18, 24

Mycobacterium species
Gram + pulmonary disease, skin disease, lymphadenitis 18, 19

Mycobacterium leprae
Gram + leprosy 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 15, 16, 19

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Gram + chronic meningitis, infections of the central nervous system, tuberculosis 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24

Mycoplasma
no Gram reaction mild pneumonia 2, 4, 9

Mycoplasma pneumoniae
no Gram reaction Mycoplasma pneumonia 5, 21

Neisseria species
Gram - bacteremia 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 20, 23

Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Gram - bacteremia, gonorrhea, neonatorum (neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia), ophthalmia 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 17, 18, 20, 23, 25, 26

Neisseria meningitides
Gram - acute purulent meningitis, bacteremia, meningitis 4, 5, 6, 24, 25

Nocardia
Gram + nocardiasis 4

Propionibacterium acnes
Gram + acne, chronic blepharitis, endophtahalamitis 7, 26

Proteus species
Gram - nosocomial urinary tract infections 7, 23

Proteus mirabilis
Gram - urinary tract infections 5

Pseudomonas species
Gram - catheter bacteremia, intravenous-line bacteremia 6, 7, 11, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Gram - aggressive keratitis, folliculitis, nosocomial infections 4, 6, 10, 19, 21, 23, 24, 26

Rickettsia species
Gram - vector transmitted disease 4, 7, 19

Rickettsia akari
Gram - rickettsial pox 25

Rickettsia prowazekii
Gram - typus 6, 7, 8, 25

Rickettsia rickettsii
Gram - Rocky Mountain spotted fever 5, 6, 25

Rickettsia typhil
Gram - typhus 25

Salmonella species
Gram - dysentery, food poisoning, gastrointestinal infections 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22

Salmonella bongori
Gram - bacteremia, acute enteritis 22

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi
Gram - bacteremia, typhoid fever 5, 6, 7, 10, 18, 22, 25

Shigella species
Gram - shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 20, 22

Shigella boydii
Gram - dysentery 22

Shigella dysenteriae
Gram - bacillary dysentery, bacteremia, food poisoning, gastrointestinal infections 5, 12, 20, 22, 25

Shigella flexneri
Gram - dysentery 22

Shigella sonnei
Gram - dysentery 22

Staphylococcus species
Gram + impetigo 10, 11, 15, 18, 19, 20, 26

Staphylococcus aureus
Gram + boils (furuncles), carbuncles, catheter bacteremia, endocarditis, folliculitis, food poisoning, intravenous-line bacteremia, nosocomial pneumonia, scalded skin syndrome, skin infections, staphylococcal pneumonia, toxic shock 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Gram + antibiotic resistant nosocomial infections 1, 6, 20, 21, 23

vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA)
Gram + antibiotic resistant nosocomial infections 6, 20

Staphylococcus epidermidis
Gram + catheter bacteremia, intravenous-line bacteremia 7, 25, 26

coagulase-negative staphylococci
Gram + endocarditis, epididymitis, bacteremia, urinary tract and CNS infections 7, 25, 26

Streptococcus species
Gram + dental diseases, diverticular abscesses, infections of the bowel, appendix, and liver 5, 7, 9, 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 25, 26

group A streptococci
Gram + erysipelas, impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis 21, 25, 26

group B streptococci
Gram + neonatal sepsis, post partum infections 23, 24

group C streptococci
Gram + pharyngitis 21

β-hemolytic streptococci
Gram + bacteremia 25

Streptococcus mutans
Gram + tooth decay 2, 5, 22

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram + acute otitis media, acute purulent meningitis, bacteremia, meningitis, middle ear infections, pneumonia, sinusitis 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 20, 21, 24, 25

Streptococcus pyogenes
Gram + abscesses on the tonsils, acute tonsillitis, endocarditis, erysipelas, necrotizing fasciitis, pharyngitis, pneumonia, scarlet fever, strep throat, toxic shock 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 19, 21, 26

Streptococcus salivarius
Gram + tooth decay 22

Streptococcus viridans
Gram + endocarditis 25

Treponema pallidum
Gram - chronic meningitis, syphilis 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 23, 24, 25

Ureaplasma urealyticum
no Gram reaction non-gonococcal urethritis 23

Vibrio cholerae
Gram - cholera 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 20, 22

Vibrio cholerae 0139
Gram - cholera 8, 20

Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Gram - food poisoning, watery diarrhea 6, 22

Yersinia enterocolitica
Gram - gastrointestinal infections 11, 22

Yersinia pestis
Gram - plague (bubonic plague, pneumonic plague) 1, 5, 6, 8, 15, 19, 25

Viruses

Latin name Gram stain Morphology Disease Chapter

adenovirus
dsDNA acute respiratory disease, diarrhea, gastrointestinal infections 12, 13, 22

alphaviruses
+ ssRNA encephalitis 8

arboviruses
+ ssRNA

+ ssRNA

- ssRNA		 hemorrhagic fever, hepatic necrosis, West Nile fever (fever and encephalitis) 6, 8, 24, 25

arena virus
– ssRNA zoonotic central nervous system infections 8, 13

Arenaviridae
– ssRNA Lassa fever 8

avian influenza virus (H5N1)
– ssRNA avian influenza (bird flu) 8, 13

Bunyaviridae
– ssRNA hantavirus pulmonary syndrome 8

calicivirus
+ ssRNA diarrhea, gastrointestinal infections 22

coronavirus
+ ssRNA acute mild respiratory infections, SARS, MERS 13, 19

cowpox virus
dsDNA cowpox 13

coxsackievirus A16
+ ssRNA hand-foot-and-mouth disease 13

cytomegalovirus
dsDNA acute polyneuritis, mononucleosis syndrome 13, 17, 19, 24, 25

Dengue virus
+ ssRNA fever, headache, muscle and joint pain 6, 19, 25

eastern equine encephalitis virus
+ ssRNA encephalitis 24, 25

Ebola virus
– ssRNA hemorrhagic fever 4, 8, 12, 13, 19, 25

enterovirus
+ ssRNA diarrhea, gastrointestinal infections, meningitis, persistent enterovirus infection of the immunodeficient 13, 22, 24

Epstein-Barr virus
dsDNA acute polyneuritis, Burkitt’s lymphoma, infectious mononucleosis, lymphoproliferative infections in immunocompromised patients, nasopharyngeal carcinoma 13, 24, 25

flavivirus
+ ssRNA hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever 6, 8, 25

hantavirus
– ssRNA hanta fever, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome 6, 8, 21

hepatitis A virus
+ ssDNA food poisoning, hepatitis A 5, 6, 7, 13, 22

hepatitis B virus (HBV)
- ssRNA (partially ds) cirrhosis, hepatitis B, hepatocellular carcinoma 5, 6, 13, 20, 22, 23

hepatitis C virus
+ ssRNA cirrhosis, hepatitis C, hepatocellular carcinoma 5, 6, 8, 13, 15, 19, 22, 23

hepatitis D virus
- ssRNA cirrhosis, hepatitis D 22

hepatitis E virus
+ ssRNA liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, hepatitis E 22

hepatitis G virus
+ ssRNA hepatitis 22

herpesvirus
dsDNA meningitis 12, 13, 19, 24

herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)
dsDNA cold sores (fever blisters), ophthalmic herpes 13, 17, 19, 23, 24, 26

herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)
dsDNA genital herpes 5, 13, 17, 19, 23, 24

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
+ ssRNA acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 24

human lymphotropic virus
+ ssRNA lymphoma, T cell leukemia 13

human papillomavirus (HPV)
dsDNA carcinomas,cervical cancer, papilomas, warts (dermal, genital) 12, 13, 19, 23, 26

influenza virus (influenza A and B )
– ssRNA influenza 1, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15, 19, 21

Lassa virus
– ssRNA Lassa fever 8

Marburg virus
– ssRNA hemorrhagic fever 8, 19, 25

measles virus
– ssRNA measles, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis 5, 6, 13, 24

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
+ ssRNA acurte respiratory illness, fever, cough, shortness of breath 13, 19

mumps virus
– ssRNA meningitis, mumps 5, 6, 13, 24

Nipah virus
– ssRNA central nervous system infections 8

Norwalk viruses (norovirus)
+ ssRNA intestinal infections 22

parainfluenza virus
– ssRNA parainfluenza 21

poliovirus
+ ssRNA poliomyelitis (abortive, aseptic, paralytic) 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 24

polyoma virus BK
dsDNA hemorrhagic cystitis 13

polyoma virus JC
dsDNA progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy 13

poxviruses
dsDNA smallpox 12, 13, 19, 26

pseudorabies virus
dsDNA Aujeszky's disease 13

rabies virus
– ssRNA rabies 5, 6, 8, 13, 24

respiratory syncytial virus
– ssRNA respiratory infections 19, 21

rhabdovirus
– ssRNA rabies 7, 8

rhinovirus
+ ssRNA common cold 12, 13, 19, 21

rotavirus
dsRNA diarrhea, gastrointestinal infections 13, 22

rubella virus
+ ssRNA progressive rubella panencephalitis, rubella (German measles) 5, 6, 13, 24, 26

rubeola virus
– ssRNA measles (five-day measles, hard measles) 26

SARS virus (coronavirus)
+ ssRNA severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 6, 8, 19, 20

St Louis encephalitis virus
+ ssRNA encephalitis 24, 25

varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
dsDNA chickenpox, postherpetic neuralgia, shingles 5, 6, 13, 16, 17, 19, 24, 26

variola minor; variola major virus
dsDNA smallpox 6, 8, 12, 13, 26

Venezuelan encephalitis virus
+ ssRNA central nervous system infections 13

western equine encephalitis virus
+ ssRNA encephalitis 24, 25

West Nile virus
+ ssRNA West Nile fever (fever and encephalitis) 6, 8, 24, 25

yellow fever virus
+ ssRNA hemorrhagic fever, hepatic necrosis 6, 8, 13, 25

Protozoan Parasites, Worms, And Lice

Latin name Disease Chapter

Acanthamoeba species
chronic meningitis, parasitic amebic meningoencephalitis 19, 21, 24, 26

Ancylostoma duodenale
hookworm infection 14, 22

Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm)
ascariasis 14, 19

Brugia malayi
filariasis (lymphadenitis, lymphadenopathy, elephantiasis) 25

Clonorchis sinensis(Asian liver fluke)
clonorchiasis 14

Cryptosporidium parvum
cryptosporidosis 8, 17, 22

Entamoeba histolytica
amebiasis 14, 19, 22

Enterobius vermicularis (pin worm)
enterobiasis 14, 19

Giardia duodenalis
gastrointestinal infections, giardiasis, watery diarrhea 22

Giardia intestinales (Giardia lamblia)
giardiasis 5, 6, 14

Leishmania species
cutaneous leishmaniasis (skin lesions) 14, 15, 17, 19, 26

Loa loa
Loaiasis 26

Microsporidium species
opportunistic parasite associated with AIDS 17

Naegleria species
primary amebic meningoencephalitis 14, 24

Necator americanus (hookworm)
hookworm disease 14, 22

Onchocerca volvulus
onchocerciasis (river blindness) 19, 26

Paragonimus species (lung fluke)
paragonimiasis 14

Pediculus humanus capitis (head louse)
head lice 26

Pediculus humanus corporis (body louse, clothes louse)
body lice, genital lice (crabs) 26

Plasmodium species
malaria 5, 6, 8, 15, 17, 19

Plasmodium falciparum
malaria 14, 19

Plasmodium vivax
malaria 14

Schistosoma species (flukes)
schistosomiasis 14

Strongyloides stercoralis (roundworm)
gastrointestinal parasitic infection 14

Taenia species
tapeworm 14, 19

Toxoplasma species
toxoplasmosis 17, 19

Toxoplasma gondii
chronic meningitis, toxoplasmosis, 6, 14, 24

Trichinella species
trichinosis 6, 14, 18

Trichinella spiralis
chronic meningitis, food poisoning, myalgia 14, 22, 24

Trichomonas vaginalis
trichomoniasis, vaginitis 14, 19, 23

Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
whipworm infection 14, 19, 22

Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) 6, 14, 19, 24, 25

Trypanosoma cruzi
Chagas' disease, heart and gastrointestinal lesions 6, 14, 19, 25

Wuchereria bancrofti
filariasis (lymphadenitis, lymphadenopathy, elephantiasis) 25

Fungi

Latin name Disease Chapter

Aspergillus species
aspergilliosis 19, 21

Blastomyces dermatitidis
blastomycosis 21

Candida albicans
cutaneous and vaginal candidiasis 15, 17, 19, 23, 26

Coccidioides immitis
coccidioidomycosis 17, 21, 24

Cryptococcus neoformans
cryptococcosis 17, 24

Dermatophytes
dermatophytosis, tinea cruris (jock itch), tinea pedis (athlete's foot) 26

Histoplasma capsulatum
chronic meningitis, histoplasmosis 14, 17, 21, 24

Hortaea werneckii
tinea nigra 14

Pneumocystis (carnii) jirovecii
pneumocystis pneumonia 16, 17, 19, 21