Chapter 2: On the Eve of Islam

Iran:

For the myth of the khwarr at the beginning of time see Boyce, Mary (1984) Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism. Manchester : Manchester University Press, pp. 29–30.

Yazata (or yazad). The word means “being worthy of worship” and is usually translated “god” but in Muslim times came to be understood as “angels”. (Boyce, Mary (1979) Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. London; Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, p. 179. Boyce, Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism, pp. 15, 47, 120). 

Jewish Christianity:

Schoeps, Hans Joachim (1969) Jewish Christianity: Factional Disputes in the Early Church, translated by Douglas R. A. Hare. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. (The fullest study of Jewish Christianity that I know of. Schoeps believes that Jewish Christianity influenced Islam in its earliest days though he cannot say precisely how. More recent writings along this line are not in English or not so accessible. See Böwering, Gerhard [2008], ‘Recent Research on the Construction of the Qur'an’, in The Qur’an in Its Historical Context, ed. Gabriel Said Reynolds, London, Routledge, see pp. 79–80 and endnotes.)

Gnostics:

Pagels, Elaine (1979) The Gnostic Gospels. New York: Random House and Beyond Belief(2003) New York: Random House. (Pagels is one of the leading academic writers on Gnosticism.)

Axial Age:

Levenson, Jon D. (2012) Inheriting Abraham: The Legacy of the Patriarch in Judaism, Christianity& Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

(This book, whose author is Professor of Jewish Studies at Harvard University, provides an excellent introduction to Jewish interpretations of the Biblical figure of Abraham and useful comparisons with Christian and Islamic interpretations. Along with this it raises serious and (in my view) appropriate questions about the contemporary effort to ground interfaith relations between Jews, Christians, and Muslims in the figure of Abraham/Ibrahim since he is common to all three traditions.)

Geering, Lloyd (2001) Christian Faith at the Crossroads. Salem, OR: Polebridge. (Chapter two provides good discussion of the axial age. The rest of the book argues that we are currently in a second "axial age". Earlier versions of the same material are in Faith's New Age (1980) London: Collins and in Geering, Lloyd (1978) "Secularization and Religion", in Religious Studies in the Pacific, eds John Hinchcliff et al., Auckland, New Zealand: Colloquim Publishers, Auckland University, pp. 215–23.

Bellah, Robert (1970) “Religious Evolution” (or similar title), in Robert Bellah, Beyond Belief. New York: Harper & Row, pp. 20–50, and also Lessa, W. A. and Vogt, E. V. (eds) (1979) Reader in Comparative Religion: An Anthropological Approach. New York: Harper & Row.

Eisenstadt, S. N., ed. (1986) The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. (Chapters by different authors on various civilizations, not introductory but has much useful material. Read the introductory chapter and the others selectively.)

Armstrong, Karen (2006) The Great Transformation: The Beginnings of our Religious Traditions. New York: Knopf. (Has considerable information about all of the axial age civilizations but does not explore the concept of the axial age very deeply.)

Bellah Robert N. (2012) Religion in Human Evolution, From the Paleolithic to the Axial Age. Belknap Press. (Bellah’s more recent thinking on the subject.)

Bellah, Robert N. and Joas, Hans. eds (2011) The Axial Age and Its Consequences. Belknap / Harvard University Press. (Recent articles on the subject by various scholars.)

The Wikipedia article on “Axial Age”  has further references.

Chapter 3: The Beginnings of Islam

For more detail on Hatim and Imru’ al-Qays see Nicholson, R. A. (1907, reprint 1969) A Literary History of the Arabs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 85–87, 103–7.

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Revisionist and other Critical Views of Early Muslim History:

In assessing the critical and revisionist views it must be borne in mind that critical scholars have widely accepted the arguments of Ignaz Goldziher and Joseph Schacht that most of the hadith in the standard collections are forged and represent the views of Muslims in the ninth/third century, when they were collected. Some may go back to Muhammad but it is impossible to tell which ones.

Some of the main revisionists:

Wansbrough, John (1977) Quranic Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press and (1978) The Sectarian Milieu. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (Generally considered the first of the revisionists, he was the teacher of some of the later ones.  He applied the methods of Biblical criticism to the Qur‘an and concluded that the Qur’an contains “salvation history” (heilsgeschichte) but not mundane history. He also claimed that the Qur’an was put together over a period of about two centuries, that the basic doctrines of Islam were developed in Iraq, and that little can be known of the details of Islamic history before about 800 CE. His writings, unfortunately, are almost unreadable, even for the experts.)

Crone, Patricia and Cook, Michael (1977) Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. (Based on non-Muslim sources contemporary with the early conquests. Presents the early Islamic movement as a coalition between Jews and Arabs which breaks down only after the conquests have begun. The main forms of Islamic doctrine and practice develop outside of Arabia. The theory got considerable attention at first but now seems to be viewed as a kind of “thought exercise” of what one would conclude if one used only the sources they used.)

Crone, Patricia (1987) Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. (Argues that the Meccans did not have the kind of large-scale international caravan trade claimed for them and that the Qur’an seems to fit a geographical location in Northwestern Arabia rather than in Mecca and Medina.)

Luxenberg, C. (Pseudonym) (2007, original edition 2000) The Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran. Berlin: Schiler. (Claims that the Qur’an is written in a mixture of Aramaic and Arabic and that many words should be understood in their Aramaic meaning. His thesis gained considerable media attention since he claims that the houris (heavenly virgins) are really white grapes. Widely rejected by scholars but some of his specific suggestions probably have merit.)

Hawting, G. R. (1999) The Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam From Polemic to History. Cambridge, UK and New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. (Argues on the basis of the Qur’an that the Meccans were not full-fledged idoloters but monothesists who recognized less “deities” as intercessors [not a very radical thesis in my view]. He also seems to think that the Qur’an suggests a location in North Arabia.)

Donner, Fred M. (2010) Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press. (See “Further Reading” in the book. Argues that the earliest Muslims called themselves “believers” rather than “Muslims” and followed a kind of general monotheism rather than constituting a distinct religion until about the time of Abd al-Malik’s reform. An attractive thesis but it is too early to know whether critical scholars will accept it.)

For a more recent (2006) and relatively moderate statement by Patricia Crone see, “What Do We Actually Know about Mohammed?”, Open Democracy, http://www.opendemocracy.net/faith-europe_islam/mohammed_3866.jsp.

Additional reading on revisionists:

Brown, Daniel (2009) A New Introduction to Islam, Second Edition. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. (Chapters 2–3 and 7–8 reflect the critical and revisionist approaches, though not quite so strongly as the first edition. [Listed under “Textbook and general studies”.])

Waines, David (2003) Introduction to Islam, Second Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (The “Excursus on Islamic Origins” has a good account and critique of the earlier critical views and also Wansbrough and Crone. [Listed under “Textbook and general studies”.])

Other Critical Studies:

Goldziher, I. (1889–90, reprint 1967) Muslim Studies, vol. 1, Halle, trans. C. R. Barber and S. M. Stern, London: Allen & Unwin. (Seminal critical studies, this volume includes material on Jahiliyya.)

Crone, Patricia and Hinds, Martin (1986) God’s Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

Donner, Fred M. (1981) The Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. (Longer and more detailed than Muhammad and the Believers, stresses social, political and ideological factors; does not have the theory about the “believers’ movement”.)

Kennedy, Hugh (2007) The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World we Live in. Philadelphia: Da Capo Press ed. (Detailed but accessible and attractively written account of the conquests to 750 CE. with attention to the sources. Foreword has a good discussion of the historical value of the sources.)

Izutsu, T. (1966) Ethico-religious Concepts in the Quran. Montreal: McGill University Press. (Important and influential analysis of major Qur’anic concepts. This and the following book are seminal works on their subjects.)

Izutsu, T. (1964) God and Man in the Koran, Tokyo: Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies. (Cf. above.) 

Baladuri, Ahmad ibn Jabir (1966, reprint of 1916 edition) The Origins of the Islamic State (Kitab futu? al-Buldan), trans. Philip Hitti. Beirut: Khayats. (Translation of one of the early Arabic sources for the conquests; worth “dipping into” to see what the source is like.)

Ibn al-Kalbi (1952) Book of Idols (Kitab al-a?nam), trans. Nabih Amin Faris. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. (Translation of an early Arabic source for pre-Islamic Arab beliefs and practices. Hawting and others think that the Quraysh were closer to monotheism than Ibn al-Kalbi suggests.)

Ibn Warraq (ed.) (2000) The Quest for the Historical Muhammad, Amherst, NJ: Prometheus Books. (A collection of critical articles, some revisionist; see esp. chapters 1, 8–13.)

Chapter 4: Expansion and Flowering

Treaties of Protection (Dhimma)

Charter of protection for the people of Tiflis, c. 642 AD)

See Donner, Fred M. (2010) Muhammad and the Believers: At the Origins of Islam. Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 117.

Charter of protection confirming the election of a catholicos (patriarch) of the Nestorian Church by an Abbasid caliph including the terms of the dhimma: http://www.nestorian.org/a_charter_of_protection.html

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Further Additional Reading:

Kennedy, Hugh (2007) The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. Philadelphia: Da Capo Press. (Detailed account of the conquests to 750 CE. See under previous chapter.)

Kennedy, Hugh (2005) The Court of the Caliphs: When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World. London: Phoenix. (Tells the story of the early Abbasid caliphs and their court in an attractive way with liberal use of anecdotes from the early sources. Focuses on individuals. Little on religion.)

Kennedy, Hugh (1981) The Early Abbasid Caliphate: A Political History. London: Croom Helm. (Straightforward political account, well written.)

Chapter 5: The Qur’an

More translations of the Qur’an:

The Qur’an; A New Translation (2004) trans. Thomas Cleary. Starlach Press. (Good understandable translation with some effort to convey the literary force. Has column format and it is easy to find verses. Avoids using “He” for God.)

The Message of the Qur’an (1980) trans. Muhammad Asad. Gibraltar: Dar al-Andalus. (By a famous Western convert to Islam. Easy to understand though language is slightly archaic at times. Modernist interpretation but very helpful commentary using classical sources. Paragraph format with Arabic in parallel column.)

The Koran (1974) trans. N. Dawood, reprint, Harmondsworth: Penguin. (Written to be understandable to Westerners, sometimes privileges intelligibility over accuracy; suras are in rough chronological order; good if one wants to read the Qur’an straight through but makes it harder to locate a particular passage.)

The Sublime Quran (2007) trans. Laleh Bakhtiar. Published by islamicworld.com; distributed by Kazi Publications, Chicago. (Translator is a woman and a psychologist with an interest in Sufism. Format and style are similar to Arberry’s without his oddities. Seeks to avoid using the same English word for two or more Arabic words but avoids being stilted. Aims at being fairer to women.)

Holy Qur’an (1987) trans. M. H. Shakir. New York: Tahrike Tarsile Qur’an. (Another Shi‘i translation; similar to Pickthall at many points but language less archaic; verse numbering is not standard.)

The Holy Qur'an, Arabic Text with English Translation and Commentary (1988) trans. S. V. Mir Ahmad Ali. (Said to be the standard Shi‘i translation; has notes by a leading Shi‘i scholar.)

The Qur’an: A New Translation (2008) trans. Tarif Khalidi. New York: Viking. (Undertakes to convey the literary quality of the text while also producing a generally attractive and readable version. Sometimes interpretive but often leaves ambiguities standing. Verse numbering could be clearer. Helpful introduction.)

About the Qur’an:

(See the section on “Critical and Revisionist Views” found in the material for chapter 3, as much of this relates to the Qur’an.)

Fatah, Tarek (2009) “A Book for all Ages: The Qur’an and Me”, The National Post, 21 August. (A very nice statement about the significance of the Qur’an by a secularist Muslim. http://tarekfatah.com/the-quran-and-me/)

Rippin, Andrew (2001) The Qur’an and Its Interpretive Tradition, Aldershot: Ashgate. (Scholarly articles mainly by Westerners on various aspects of the tradition of Qur’an interpretation.)

Rippin, Andrew (2013) “Qur’anic Studies” in Bennett, Clinton, ed Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies. London: Bloomsbury. (Up to date survey of approaches and trends.)

Hawting, G. R. and Shareef, Abdul-Kader, eds (1993) Approaches to the Qur’an. London and New York: Routledge. (Articles by Westerners and Muslims on the style, content and exegesis of the Qur’an.)

Said Labib al-, (1975) The Recited Koran. Princeton, N.J.: Darwin Press. (Concerned to defend the importance of memorization and recitation in the modern world; defends the traditional account of the Qur’an’s compilation.)

Rippin, Andrew, ed. (2006) The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.

McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, ed. (2001–6) Encyclopaedia of the Quran, 6 vols. Leiden: Brill.

Leaman, Oliver, ed. (2008) The Qur’an: An Encyclopedia.London: Routledge.

Chapter 6: The Prophet Muhammad

Additional Sources:

Salahi, M. A. (1995) Muhammad, Man and Prophet: A Complete Study of the Life of the Prophet of Islam. Shaftesbury, Dorset; Rockport, Mass.: Element. (Detailed study in a fairly traditional mode by a modern writer.)

Goldziher, Ignace (1967) Muslim Studies, vol. 2. London: Allen & Unwin. (Main source for his views on Hadith.)

Nabia Abbott (1957–72) Studies in Arabic Literary Papyri, vol. 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Argues that hadiths were transmitted within families.)

Brown, Jonathan A. C. (2009) Hadith: Muhammad’s Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World. One World: Oxford. (A very thorough and detailed study. First couple of chapters give an excellent presentation of the role and importance of hadith. The rest may be useful for an assignment on hadith, especially the chapters on early modern and modern periods.)

Burton, John (1994) An Introduction to the Hadith, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. (A detailed and confusing study, though with an important thesis: that many hadiths arise from very early exegesis of the Qur’an and thus represent the thinking of Muslims soon after the Prophet’s time. It also has a good account of the early history of the umma.)

Al-Bukhari, Muhammad ibn Ismail(1977–79) Sahih al-Bukhari: The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih al-Bukhari, trans. Muhammad Muhsin Khan. 3th rev. ed. Lahore (Pakistan): Kazi Publications. (English translation with parallel Arabic text of one of the two main Sunni collections.)

Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj al-Qushayri (1973–78) Sahih Muslim: Being Traditions of the Sayings and Doings of the Prophet Muhammad as Narrated by his Companions and Compiled under the Title Al-jami' -us-sahih, trans. Abdul Hamid Siddiqi. Lahore (Pakistan): Sh. Muhammad Ashraf. Vol. 4 issued by Kitab Bhavan, New Delhi, 1978. (English translation of the other of the two main Sunni collections.)

Abu Muhammad Husayn al-Baghawi (1963) Mishkat al-Masabih, trans. James Robson, 4 vols. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf.

al-Khatib al-Tibrizi, Muhammad ibn ‘Abd Allah (1963–65) Mishkat al-Masabih, trans. James Robson, Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf. (A popular collection of hadith.)

Rippin, Andrew, ed. (2006) The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an, Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.

McAuliffe, Jane Dammen, ed. (2001–6) Encyclopaedia of the Qurān, 6 vols. Leiden: Brill.

Leaman, Oliver, ed. (2008) The Qur’an: An Encyclopedia.London: Routledge.

Musa, AishaY. (2013) “Hadith Studies” in Bennett, Clinton ed Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies. London: Bloomsbury. (Surveys traditional and more modern approaches.)

Shepard, William E. (2014) “The Rushdie Affair: Cultures at Cross Purposes”, Chapter 5 in Freedom of Speech and Islam, ed. Erich Kolig. Surrey, England and Burlington VT, USA: Ashgate.

See the section on “Critical and Revisionist Views” found in the material for chapter 3, as much of this relates to the Qur’an.

Chapter 7: Rituals and Ceremonies

Ali, Kecia (2006) Sexual Ethics & Islam:Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith, and Jurisprudence. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. Discusses various positions and debates, includes a chapter on female “circumcision”. (Recommended, I have not read it yet.)

Abusharaf, Rogaia Mustafa, ed. (2006) Female Circumcision: Multicultural Perspectives. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press,. Various articles. (Recommended, I have not read it yet.)

Fuambai Sia Ahmadu (2000) "Rites and Wrongs: An Insider/Outsider Reflects on Power and Excision" in Female "circumcision" in Africa:  Culture, Controversy and Change. Lynne Rienner. (The author reflects on her own decision as an adult to undergo the ritual in Sierra Leone. Recommended as controversial and interesting. I have not read it yet.)

Chapter 8: Divisions in the Umma: Sects, Political Theory

Kohlberg, Etan (1976) “The Development of the Imämi Shi'i Doctrine of Jihad”, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 126: 64–86. (Provides a reasonably concise, informative and accessible historical survey of Twelver Shi‘i thinking on jihād. PDF version may be downloaded at: http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/titleinfo/96224  [accessed 7 October 2013].)

Kohlberg, E. (1991) Belief and Law in Imami Shi’ism. Aldershot: Variorum. (Collection of articles by the same author. I have not had the opportunity to see this but it should be worth reading.)

Chapter 9: Those Who Know: The ‘Ulamā’

Hussein, Taha (l932) An Egyptian Childhood, trans. E. H. Paxton. London: Routledge & Sons. (The first volume of autobiography; the doyen of Egyptian literature for much of the twentieth century describes his experiences as a blind child in a village including the village kuttab.)

Hussein, Taha (l984) The Stream of Days, A Student at the Azhar, trans. W. Wayment, 2nd ed., revised. London: Longman, Green, and Co. (The second volume of Taha Hussein's autobiography, covering his years as a student at the Azhar.)

Amin, Ahmad (l978 [Arabic edition, l952]) My Life, trans. I. J. Boullata. Leiden: Brill. (Autobiography by another prominent Egyptian intellectual of the first half of the twentieth century, includes comments on his experience in a kuttab and at al-Azhar.)

Qutb, Sayyid (2004 [Arabic 1945]) A Child from the Village, translated by John Calvert and William Shepard. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. (By a man who was to become one of the best known radical Islamists of the twentieth century, but written while he was a secularist. Has a bit on a kuttab and much more on the government primary school that he attended.)

Chapter 10: To Know God’s Will, Islamic Law

For information on matriliny in Aceh see: Siegel, James T. (1969) The Rope of God. Berkeley: Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies, University of California.

For a recent discussion of a situation in which adat involves matriliny, see Setyawati, Lugina (2008) “Adat, Islam and Womanhood in the Reconstruction of Riau Malay Identity”, Ch. 3 in Indonesian Islam in a New Era: How Women Negotiate their Muslim Identities, ed. Susan Blackburn, Bianca J. Smith and Siti Syamsiyatun. Clayton: Monash University Press.

Grehan, James (2006) “Smoking and ‘Early Modern’ Sociability: The Great Tobacco Debate in the Ottoman Middle East (Seventeenth to Eighteenth Centuries)”, The American Historical Review 111.5. (Good article on the debate over the permissibility of smoking when it first came into the Muslim world.)

Chapter 11: Philosophy and Theology

For Nasafi’s creed see Watt, W. Montgomery (1994) Islamic Creeds: A Selection. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (details under Further Reading in Introducing Islam), pp. 80–84. For a lengthy commentary by an Ash‘ari, al-Taftazani, see Elder, E. E. (1950) A Commentary on the Creed of Islam. New York: Columbia University Press.

Makdisi, George (1981) “Hanbalite Islam” in Merlin L. Swartz (ed.) Studies on Islam. New York and Oxford: OUP. (The first part explains the importance of Traditionalism and the reasons why earlier Western scholars failed to recognize it.)

Fakhry, Majid (1994) Ethical Theories in Islam, 2nd ed., Leiden, etc.: Brill. (Provides a detailed and wide reading survey of ethical thinking by philosophers and theologians.)

Chapter 12: The Sufi Path to God

Additional reading on Rumi and Mevlevis:

Schimmel, Annemarie (1993) The Triumphal Sun. Albany: SUNY Press.

Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, Maulana (1968) Mystical Poems of Rumi, trans. A. J. Arberry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, Maulana (1968) Discourses of Rumi, trans. A. J. Arberry. London: J. Murray.

Friedlander, Ira (1975) The Whirling Dervishes: Being an Account of the Sufi Order Known as the Mevlevis and its Founder, the Poet and Mystic Mevlana Jalalu'ddin Rumi. London: Wildwood House. (Good pictures.)

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Additional Reading: various

Ernst, Carl W. (1985) Words of Ecstasy in Sufism. Albany: State University of New York Press. (Detailed study of the shaṭḥs and their significance.)

Mernissi, Fatima (1977) “Women, Saints and Sanctuaries”, Signs 3: 101–12. (A lively and interesting description of women’s activities.)

P Ibn al-’Arabi (1980) The Bezels of Wisdom, trans. R. W. J. Austin. New York: Paulist Press. (Translation of Ibn al-‘Arabi’s most widely read work; not easy going but a “must” if you are interested in Ibn al-‘Arabi).

Schuon, Frithjof (1976) Islam and the Perennial Philosophy. London: World of Islamic Festival Publishing Co. (A good presentation of the “promordialist” approach to Islam. Assumes a fair degree of general knowledge of religions.)

Waugh, Earle H. (1989) The Munshidin of Egypt: Their World and Their Song, Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. (In-depth study of this group of singers.)

Suhrawardi, Abu al-Najib (1975) A Sufi Rule for Novices [Kitāb Ādāb al-Murīdīn] trans. Menahem Milson. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. (Abridged translation of a popular work that provides a good example of Sufi ethics and rules of behavior.)

Chapter 13: A philosopher, a scholar-mystic and a reformer

Further Reading on al-Ghazali:

Treiger, A. (2012) Inspired Knowledge in Islamic Thought: Al-Ghazali's Theory of Mystical Cognition and its Avicennian Foundation. Oxford and New York: Routledge. (A recent, detailed study arguing that al-Ghazali accepted Ibn Sina’s doctrines and popularized them without admitting it.) 

For an outline of Al-Ghazali's Ihya' ‘Ulum al-Din [Quickening the Sciences of Religion] and some available translations see Additional Information on this chapter. 

At http://ghazali.org/site/ihya.htm a list of all of the books of the Ihya’ may be found along with links to many of  them.

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Hoover, Jon (2007) Ibn Taymiyya's Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism. Leiden and Boston: Brill. (A detailed and perceptive study of Ibn Taymiyya’s theology, not easy reading. This theology is “an instrumental and pragmatic effort to portray God in a way that motivates worship and obedience to God”.)

Chapter 14: Literature and Arts

Further Reading on Omar Khayyam:

Dashti, Ali (1971) In Search of Omar Khayyam, translated from the Persian by L. P. Elwell-Sutton. London: Allen & Unwin. (By a highly respected Iranian scholar; his biography of Muhammad is discussed briefly in chapter six of Introducing Islam.)

Fitzgerald, Edward (1997) Rubáiyyát of Omar Khayyám, A Critical Edition, ed. Christopher Decker. Charlottesville and London: University Press of Virginia. (In-depth study of the various versions of Fitzgerald’s Rubáiyyát.)

The Rubaiyyat of Omar Khayyam (1967) A new translation with critical commentaries by Robert Graves and Omar Ali-Shah. London: Cassell. (Presents Khayyam as a mystic, a view not generally accepted by scholars.)

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Alim, H. Samy (2005) “A New Research Agenda: Exploring the Transglobal Hip-Hop Umma” in Miriam Cooke and Bruce B. Lawrence (eds), Muslim Networks from Hajj to HipHop. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, chapter 13.

Shannahan, Dervla Sara and Hussain, Qurra (2011) “Rap on ‘l’Avenue’; Islam, Aesthetics, Authenticity and Masculinities in the Tunisian Rap Scene”, Contemporary Islam,5.1 (April), pp. 37–58.

Levine, Mark(2008) Heavy Metal Islam: Rock, Resistance, and the Struggle for the Soul of Islam. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2008. (Detailed and very interesting account of these phenomena and the author’s experience of them. The author comments that “An eighteen year old with spiked hair, or a twenty-year-old from Dubai wearing goth makeup, is as representative of the world of Islam today as the Muslims who look and act the way we expect them to . . .” [p. 3].)

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Chapter 15: Modern Challenges: Imperialism and Response

For more detail on Salafism see Shepard, W. (2013) “Salafism”, in Clinton Bennett (ed.), Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies. London: Bloomsbury.

Sardar, Ziauddin (1985) Islamic Futures: The Shape of Ideas to Come. London and New York: Mansell. (Has a very distinctive take on Muslims and progress.)

Sedgwick, Mark (2006) Islam and Muslims: A Guide to Diverse Experience in a Modern World. Boston, Mass.: Intercultural Press.

Sidahmed, A. S. and Ehteshami, A. (eds) (1996) Islamic Fundamentalism. Boulder, Colo.: Westview. (Collection of articles, including Egypt under Mubarak, Iran post-Khomeini, also Algeria, Jordan, Palestine, Sudan, Syria, Yemen and several general articles.)

Taji-Farouki, Suha and Nafi, Basheer (eds) (2004) Islamic Thought in the Twentieth Century. London: I.B. Tauris. (Chapters by various authors on topics such as Sufi thought, democracy, Islamic economics, gender, etc. Includes a chapter by me detailing the typology on which this chapter is based.)

Kenney, Jeffrey and Moosa, Ebrahim eds. (2014) Islam in the Modern World, New York &  Oxon: Routledge. Chapters by different scholars on a wide variety of topics relevant to Chapters 15, 20 and others. of Introducing Islam, including Islamic banking, gender issues, items on Turkey, Iran and other countries. The chapter on “Militant Movements” is by W. Shepard.

Martin, Richard C. and Barzegar, Abbas. Eds. (2009) Islamism: Contested Perspectives on Political Islam. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.

Burhani, Ahmad Najib, “The Reformasi ’98 and the Arab Spring: A Comparative Study of Popular Uprisings in Indonesia and Tunisia”, Asian Politics & Policy—6/2 (April 2014): 199–215.  (Makes some very interesting and important comparisons between the events of 1998 in Indonesia and the Arab Spring in Tunisia.)
Also available online with subscription: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aspp.12113/pdf

Stratton,Allegra (2006) Muhajababes. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2006. (The term “muhajababes” is mentioned on page 244 of Introducing Islam. More about them will be found in the book.)

Chapter 16: Turkey: Secularist Reform

Forthcoming

Chapter 17: Egypt: Between Secularism and Islamism

Hirschkind Charles (2012) “Experiments in Devotion Online: The Youtube Khutba” International. Journal of Middle East Studies 44, 5–21. (A study of the emotional responses to Youtube clips of sermons in Egypt. Footnotes have references to other studies relating to the internet.)

Kerr, M. (l966) Islamic Reform. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. (Primarily a detailed study of Muhammad ‘Abduh and Rashid Rida. Still very useful.)

Kepel, Gilles (1986) Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and the Pharaoh, trans. J. Rothschild. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. (One of the main early studies of the topic.)

Rugh, Andrea (1993) “Reshaping Personal Relations in Egypt”, Chapter 7 in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds, Fundamentalisms and Society. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. (Good discussion of family-related issues.)

Musallam, Adnan (2005) From Secularism to Jihad: Sayyid Qutb and the Foundations of Radical Islamism. Westport: Praeger. (A good study, covering similar ground to that of Calvert [see Introducing Islam, p. 287)

Aswany, Alaa al- (2004) The Yacoubian Building. New York, etc.: Harper. (Original Arabic edition, 2002). (Highly acclaimed and controversial novel about the lives of several characters living in the same building in Cairo, including a good account of one who becomes a radical Islamist as well as illustrations of how Islam is or is not reflected in the lives of others.)

Qutb, Sayyid (1990) Milestones. Revised translation with a foreword by Ahmad Zaki Hamad. Indianapolis: American Trust Publications. (Claims to provide “a fresh editing and rereading” but appears to me to be only slightly revised and not notably better than the translation cited in Introducing Islam.)

Chapter 18: Iran: From Secularism to Islamic Revolution

For a link to Ali Shariati’s book on the Hajj see: http://www.al-islam.org/hajj/shariati

Fatima Is Fatima, by Ali Shariati. See: http://www.al-islam.org/fatimaisfatima

Abrahamian, Ervand (1982) Iran between Two Revolutions. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. (Detailed, interesting and perceptive study of Iran from the late nineteenth century to the end of the Pahlavi monarchy.)

Chapter 19: Indonesia: Islamic Society or Islamic State?

Blackburn, Susan, Smith, Bianca J. and Syamsiyatun, Siti (eds) (2008) Indonesian Islam in a New Era: How Women Negotiate their Muslim Identities. Clayton: Monash University Press. (Articles dealing with polygamy, veiling, identity issues, pesantrens, Islamism, etc.)

Noer, Deliar (1973) The Modernist Muslim Movement in Indonesia 1900–1942. Singapore, etc.: Oxford University Press. (Detailed account of several movements and organizations, including Muhammadiyah.)

Peacock, James (1978) Purifying the Faith: The Muhammadijah Movement in Indonesia. Menlo Park, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummings Pub Co..

van Bruinessen, Martin (2003) “Post-Suharto Muslim Engagements with Civil Society and Democracy”, paper presented at the Third International Conference and Workshop “Indonesia in Transition”, organised by the KNAW and Labsosio, Universitas Indonesia, 24–28 August 2003. Universitas Indonesia, http://www.hum.uu.nl/medewerkers/m.vanbruinessen/publications/Post_Suharto_Islam_and_civil_society.htm.

Chapter 20: Globalization

Kenney, Jeffrey and Moosa, Ebrahim eds. (2014) Islam in the Modern World, New York &  Oxon: Routledge. (Chapters by different scholars on a wide variety of topics relevant to Chapters 15, 20 and others. of Introducing Islam. See comments under chapter 15.)

Gardell, Mattias (1996) In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. (A thorough, scholarly and sympathetic study of the Nation of Islam focusing on Farrakhan as its legitimate continuation.)

Chapter 21: Three Cultural Flashpoints

Gender:

Blackburn, Susan, Smith, Bianca J. and Syamsiyatun, Siti (eds) (2008) Indonesian Islam in a New Era: How Women Negotiate their Muslim Identities. Clayton: Monash University Press. (Articles dealing with polygamy, veiling, identity issues, pesantrens, Islamism, etc.)

Democracy:

Gheissari, Ali and Nasr, Vali (2006) Democracy in Iran: History and the Quest for Liberty. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Human Rights:

Emon, Anver M., Ellis, Mark and Glahn, Benjamin (2012) Islamic Law and International Human Rights Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press (Collection of articles on a number of relevant topics, including gender equality.)

Kolig, Erich. Ed. (2014) Freedom of Speech and Islam ed.. Surrey, England and Burlington VT, USA: Ashgate. (Articles on the topic by various scholars, including the article on Rushdie mentioned under Chapter 6.)