Chapter 2

Brisbane, Mark A., ed.  The Archaeology of Novgorod, Russia: Recent Results from the Town and its Hinterland.  Lincoln: Society for Medieval Archaeology, 1992.

Levin, Eve.  “Novgorod Birchbark Documents: The Evidence for Literacy in Medieval Russia.”  In Medieval Archaeology: Papers of the Seventeenth Annual Conference of the Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, edited by Charles L. Redman, 127–137.  Binghamton: State University of New York at Binghamton, 1989.

Pokrovskaya, Lyubov’ V.  “Female Costume from Early Novgorod and its Ethno-Cultural Background: an Essay on Reconstruction.”  In Vers l’Orient et vers l’Occident: Regards croise sur les dynamiques et les transferts culturels des Vikings a la Rous ancienne, edited by Pierre Bauduin and Alexander E. Musin, 101–112.  Caen: Presses universitaires de Caen, 2014.

Pushkareva, Natalia.  Women in Russian History: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Century, trans. and ed. Eve Levin.  Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1997.

Pushkareva, N. L. and E. Levin, “Women in Medieval Novgorod from the Eleventh to the Fifteenth Century.” Soviet Studies in History 23, no. 4 (Spring 1985): 71–90.

Chapter 3

Primary sources

The Chronicle of Novgorod 1016–1471. Translated by Robert Michell and Nevill Forbes. London: Royal Historical Society, 1914.

Henricus Lettus. The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia. Translated by James A. Brundage. 2nd ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.

Secondary literature

Bysted, Ane L., Carsten Selch Jensen, Kurt Villads Jensen, and John H. Lind. Jerusalem in the North: Denmark and the Baltic Crusades. Turnhout: Brepols, 2012.

The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier, edited by Alan V. Murray. Farnham: Ashgate, 2009.

Fennell, John. The Crisis of Medieval Russia, 1200–1304, 5th ed., London: Longman, 1993.

Selart, Anti. Livonia, Rus’ and the Baltic Crusades in the Thirteenth Century, Leiden: Brill, 2015.

Chapter 4

A.N. Nasonov (ed.) Novgorodskaja letopis’ starshego i mladshego izvodov. Edited by A N. Nasonov. Moscow: Akademija nauk SSSR, 1950. English translation in The Chronicle of Novgorod. 1016–1471. Translated from the Russian by Robert Michell and Nevil Forbes. London: Offices of the Society, 1914.

Lavrent’evskaia letopis’. PSRL I. Izd. 2. Izdatel’stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR 1926–28. (Contains also the earliest Kievan Chronicle, Povest’ vremennykh let).

Papal letters and other sources concerning medieval Finland and Häme are printed in Reinhold Hausen (ed.) Finlands medeltidsurkunder (FMU). 1. –1400. Helsingfors Kejserliga senatens tryckeri, 1910; and Reinhold Hausen (ed.) Registrum Ecclesiae Aboensis eller Åbo domkyrkas svartbok. 1890.

They are available online in Diplomatarium Fennicum, http://extranet.narc.fi/DF/index.htm.

The Finnish national epos, Kalevala, contains very old elements from the pagan past. It is a composite work collected by Elias Lönnrot, and was first published in 1835. The version most commonly known today was first published in 1849 and consists of 22,795 verses, which are divided into fifty songs. It has been translated in English several times by several translators. The one used in this story is Kalevala. The Land of the Heroes. Translated by W.F. Kirby. The Atholine Press, London 1985.

Research literature is mainly in Finnish; here are some few examples in English:

J.-P.Taavitsainen. Ancient Hillforts of Finland. Problems of Analysis, Chronology and Interpretation with Special Reference to the Hillfort of Kuhmoinen. SMYA/FFT 94. Helsinki 1990.

Jukka Korpela, World of Ladoga. Society, Trade, Transformation and State Building in the Eastern Fennoscandian Boreal Forets Zone c. 1000–1555. Nordische Geschichte, Band 7. Lit Verlag 2008.

Jukka Korpela, The Baltic Finnic People in the Medieval and Pre-Modern European Slave Trade. Russian History 41, no. 1 (2014): 85–117.

Jukka Korpela, “‘… And they took countless captives’: Finnic Captives and the East European Slave Trade during the Middle Ages.” In Eurasian Slavery, Ransom and Abolition in World History, 1200–1860, edited by Christoph Witzenrath. Farnhan, Surrey: Ashgate 2015: 171–190.

Chapter 5

Giedroyć, M. “The Arrival of Christianity in Lithuania; Early Contacts (Thirteenth Century).” Oxford Slavonic Papers, n.s., 17 (1984): 1–22.

Gimbutas, Marija. The Balts. 1963. 

Goldfrank, David. “The Lithuanian Prince-Monk Vojšelk: A Study of Competing Legends.” Harvard Ukrainian Studies 9.1/2 (1987): 44–76.

Goldfrank, David. “Some Observations Concerning the Galician-Volynian Chronicle and its Lithuanian Entries for the 1260s.” Russian History/Histoire russe 25.1-2 (1998): 51–63.

Michell, Robert, and Nevill Forbes. The Chronicle of Novgorod, 1016–1471. Hattiesburg, Miss.: Academic International, 1970.

Pashuto, V. T. Obrazovanie Litovskogo Gosudarstva. Moskva: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1959.

Pashuto, V. T. Ocherki po istorii Galit︠s︡ko-Volynskoĭ Rusi. Moskva: Izd-vo Akademii nauk, 1950.

Perfecky, George A. The Galician-Volynian Chronicle. München: W. Fink, 1973. 

Polnoe sobranie russkikh letopisei. St Petersburg, Moscow. 1846–. Vol. 17 (1907), 32 (1975), and 35 (1980) contain the Lithuanian-Belarus chronicles with variants. Vol. 2. (several editions) is the Hypatian Chronicle containing the Galician-Volynian Chronicle; published also separately as Halyc'ko-Volyns'skij Litopis. Kyiv. Naukova Dumk, 2002.

Rowell, S. C. Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295–1345. Cambridge England: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Stryjkowski, Maciej. Kronika Polska, Litewska, Zmódzka I Wszystkiéj Rusi Macieja Stryjkowskiego: Wyd. Nowe, Bedace Dokadném Powtórzeniem Wydania Pierowtnego Królewieckiego Z Roku 1582, Poprzedzone Wiadomoscia O Zyciu I Pismach Stryjkowskiego Przez Mikoaja Malinowskiego, Oraz Rozprawa O Latopiscach Ruskich Przez Daniowicza, Pomnozone Przedrukiem Dzie Pomniejszych Stryjkowskiego Wedug Pierwotnych Wydan. Warszawa: Nak. G.L. Glüsksverga, 1846. 

Tolochko, O. P. The Hustynja Chronicle. Cambridge, Mass.: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Ukrainian Research Institute, 2013.

Urban, William L. The Baltic Crusade. Second, Revised and Enlarged Edition. Chicago: Lithuania Research and Studies Center, Inc., 1994.

www.eparhia.by/monastyri/svjato-eliseevskii-lavrishevskii-muzhskoi-monastyr.html (last accessed 8 September 2016).

www.forum.zamki.pl/viewtopic.php?t=3312 (last accessed 8 September 2016).

https://belkraj.by/ru/karta/gnesichi (for Google map and satellite photo)

Свята-Елісееўскі Лаўрышаўскі мужчынскі манастыр

Chapter 6

Dimnik, Martin. The Dynasty of Chernigov 1146−1246. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Dimnik, Martin. “Igor’s Defeat at the Kayala (1185): The Chronicle Evidence.” Mediaeval Studies 63 (2001): 245−282.

Heinrich, Lisa Lynn. “The Kievan Chronicle: A Translation and Commentary.” Ph.D. dissertation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 1977.

“On Igor’s Campaign.” Translation with commentary by Jack V. Haney and Erik Dahl. 1992. http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/rus/texts/igortxt2.htm

Pritsak, Omeljan. “The Polovcians and Rus¢.” Archivum Eurasiae medii aevi 2 (1982): 321−380.

Vásáry, István. Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pro-Ottoman Balkans, 1185−1365. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Chapter 7

Buell, Paul D. “Sübötei Ba’atur (1176–1248).” In In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300), ed. Igor de Rachewiltz, Hok-lam Chan, Hsiao Ch’i-ch’ing and Peter W. Geier, 13–26. Wisebaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1993.

Jackson, Peter. The Mongols and the West, 1221–1240. London: Pearson, 2005.

May, Timothy. The Mongol Art of War. Barnesly, UK: Pen & Sword, 2007.

Rachewiltz, Igor de., ed. and trans. The Secret History of the Mongols. Leiden: Brill, 2004.

Thomas of Split. History of the Bishops of Salona and Split. Trans. and ed. Damir Karbic, Mirjana Matijevic Sokol, and James Ross Sweeney. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006.

Chapter 8

Buckley, Penelope. The Alexiad of Anna Komnene: Artistic Strategy in the Making of a Myth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.

Kaldellis, Anthony. “The Corpus of Byzantine Historiography: An Interpretive Essay.” In The Byzantine World, edited by Paul Stephenson, 211–222. London: Routledge, 2010.

Macrides, Ruth, ed. History as Literature in Byzantium. Farnham: Ashgate, 2010.

Magdalino, Paul. “Byzantine Historical Writing, 900–1400.” In The Oxford History of Historical Writing, edited by Sarah Foot, Chase F. Robinson, and Daniel R. Woolf, 2: 218–237. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Neville, Leonora. Anna Komnene: The Life and Work of a Medieval Historian. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.

Neville, Leonora. Heroes and Romans in Twelfth-Century Byzantium: The “Material for History” of Nikephoros Bryennios. Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Sewter, E. R. A., and Peter Frankopan, trans. The Alexiad. Revised. London: Penguin Classics, 2004.

Chapter 9

Alpert, L. Annette. “The Life of Stefan Nemanja by St. Sava: A Literary Analysis.” Wiener slavistisches Jahrbuch 22 (1976): 7–14.

Constantinidis Hero, and John Philip Thomas (eds.). Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents. A Complete Translation of the Surviving Founders’ Typika and Testaments. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2000 (the typikon of the kellion at Karyes, pp. 1331–1337).

Kantor, Marvin. Medieval Slavic Lives of Saints and Princes. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, 1983 (with an English translation of Sava’s biography of Simeon, pp. 257–304).

Matejić, Mateja. Biography of Saint Sava. Columbus: Kosovo Publishing, 1976 (with an English translation of a fragment of Domentijan’s biography of Sava, pp. 103–105).

Roach, Andrew P. “The Competition for Souls: Sava of Serbia and Consumer Choice in Religion in the Thirteenth Century Balkans.” Glasnik Skopskogo Nauchnog Drushtva 50 (2006), 1: 1–30.

Chapter 10

Unfortunately, most of the literature on Paul and his kindred is in Croatian. One important exception is the PhD thesis of Damir Karbić, The Šubići of Bribir. A Case Study of a Croatian Medieval Kindred, Budapest: Central European University 2000. However, the thesis was not published and it is difficult to find. Still, as it is the most comprehensive study of both Paul and his kindred, it is also the basis of this portrait. Sources on Paul are mostly published, but in different publications. The majority are charters written in Latin and they can be found in Tadija Smičiklas (ed.), Codex diplomaticus regni Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae, vol. VI–VIII, Zagreb: Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti, 1908–1910.

Chapter 11

Actes de Chilandar I. Des origins à 1319. Edited by Mirjana Živojinović, Vassiliki Kravari, and Christophe Giros. Paris: Editiones du CNRS: P. Lethielleux, 1998.

Daničić Dj., ed. Životi kraljeva i arhiepiskopa srpskih, napisao arhiepiskop Danilo i drugi, Zagreb 1866 (reprint with Introduction by Dj. Trifunović, London: Variorum reprints, 1972).

Georges Pachymérès Relations historiques I-IV (V Indices). Edited byA. Failler [CFHB 24/1–5]. Paris, vols. 1–2, 1984; vols. 3–4, 1999; vol. 5, 2000.

Mavromatis, Leonidas. La fondation de l'Empire serbe. Le kralj Milutin, Thessalonica: Kentron Vyzanrinōn Ereunōn, 1978.

 Nicephori Gregorae Byzantina historia I-III. Edited by Ludwig Schopen (vols. 1–2), and Immanuel Bekker (vol. 3), Bonn: Weber, 1829, 1830, 1855.

Stanković, Vlada. “The Character and Nature of Byzantine Influence in Serbia: Policy – Reality – Ideology (11th−End of the 13th Century).”In Mabi Angar and Claudia Sode, eds. Serbia and Byzantium. Proceedings of the International Conference Held on 15 December 2008 at the University of Cologne. Frankurt am Main: PL Academic Research, 2013, pp. 75−93.

Stanković, Vlada. “Rethinking the Position of Serbia within Byzantine Oikoumene in the Thirteenth Century.” In Vlada Stanković, ed. The Balkans and Byzantine World before and after the Captures of Constantinople, 1204 and 1453. Latham-Boulder-New York-London: Lexington Books, 2016, pp. 91–102.

Chapter 12

Antry, Theodore and Carol Neel, eds., Norbert and Early Norbertine Spirituality. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 2007.

Constable, Giles. The Reformation of the Twelfth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Christiansen, Eric. The Northern Crusades. London: Penguin, 1980.

Wolverton, Lisa. Hastening Toward Prague: Power and Society in the Medieval Czech Lands. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.

Chapter 13

Selected Sources in English Translation

Archdeacon Thomas of Split: History of the Bishops of Salona and Split. Edited, translated and annotated by Damir Karbić, Mirjana Matijević Sokol, and James Ross Sweeney. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2006.

Master Roger’s Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament upon the Destruction of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Tatars. Translated and annotated by János M. Bak and Martyn Rady. In Martyn Rady, László Veszprémy, and János M. Bak, eds. Anonymus and Master Roger. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2010.

Selected secondary literature

Berend, Nora. At the Gate of Christendom. Jews, Muslims and “Pagans” in Medieval Hungary, c. 1000–c. 1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Engel, Pál. The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary 895–1526. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2001.

Jackson, Peter. The Mongols and the West, 1221–1240. London: Pearson, 2005.

Klaniczay, Gábor. Holy Rulers and Blessed Princesses: Dynastic Cults in Medieval Central

Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Additional material to the chapter

King Béla IV of Hungary: A Monarch in a Period of Crisis and Recovery by Balázs Nagy

Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle, finished after 1358

https://web.archive.org/web/20120304111134/http://konyv-e.hu/pdf/Chronica_Picta.pdf

Page 125 (up): The coronation of Béla IV

Page 125 (down): The first invasion of the Mongols

Page 128 (down): The second invasions of the Mongols

The Mongol invasion of Hungary, Detail of the Chronicle of Johannes de Thurocz, printed in 1488, Augsburg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Esztergom_(1241)#/media/File:Thuróczy_Tatárjárás.JPG

Knightly fight, Buckle from Kígyóspuszta, 13th century

www.warfare.altervista.org/13/Kigyospuszta_buckle.htm

Europe during the Mongol Invasion

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/imladjov/maps/europe1240ref.jpg?attredirects=0

Mongol invasion in the 13th century

https://sites.google.com/a/umich.edu/imladjov/maps/mongols1250.jpg?attredirects=0

Mongol campaigns in Hungary, 1241-1242

http://www.slovak-republic.org/pictures/historical-maps/mongol-invasion-1241.png

The Castle of Klis, the birth place St. Margaret

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe#/media/File:Klis_0807_3.jpg

Memorial of the battle of Muhi, 1991, work of Sándor Kiss

https://www.kozterkep.hu/~/7655/muhi_csata_emlekmuve_muhi_vadasz_gyorgy_1991.html#photo-34249

Chapter 14

Sources

Bak, János M., György Bónis, and James Ross Sweeney, eds, The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom Hungary, 1000–1301, 2nd ed. Idyllwild: Charles Schlacks, Jr., 1999.

Fejér, Georgius, ed. Codex Diplomaticus Hungariae ecclesiasticus ac civilis. 11 vols., 43 bks. Buda: A Magyar Királyi Egyetem, 1829–1844.

Karácsonyi, János and Samu Borovszky. Regestrum Varadinense Examinum Ferri Candentis Ordine Chronologico Digestum, Descripta Effigie Editionis a. 1550 Illustratum. Budapest: A Váradi Káptalan, 1903.

Nagy, Imre, Iván Páur, Károly Ráth, and Dezső Véghely, Codex Diplomaticus Patrius. 8 vols. Győr: Imre Nagí, Iván Páur, Károly Ráth and Dezső Vézhely, 1865–1891.

Nagy, Imre, Farkas Deák and Gyula Nagy. Codex Diplomaticus Patriae. Budapest: A Magyar Történelmi Társulat, 1879.

Wenzel, Gusztáv. Codex Diplomaticus Arpadianus Continuatus. 12 vols. Pest: Eggenberger Ferdinánd, 1860–1874.

Secondary Literature in English

Engel, Pál. The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary 895–1526. New York: I. B. Tauris, 2001.

Sutt, Cameron. Slavery in Árpád-era Hungary in a Comparative Context. Leiden: Brill, 2015.

Sutt, Cameron. “Parentela, kindred, and the crown. Inheritance practices in Árpád-era Hungary.” in Inheritance, Law and Religions in the Ancient and Mediaeval Worlds. Eds. Béatrice Caseau and Sabine R. Huebner. Paris: Centre d’Histoire et de Civilisation de Byzance, Monographies 45, 2014.

Szabó, István. “The Praedium. Studies on the economic history and the history of settlement of early Hungary.” Agrártörténeti szemle 5 Supplementum (1963): 1–24.

Visy, Zsolt (ed.). Hungarian Archaeology at the Turn of the Millennium. Budapest: Ministry of National Cultural Heritage, 2003.

Chapter 15

Czerniecki, Stanisław. Compendium Ferculorum or Collection of Dishes. Edited by Jarosław Dumanowski in collaboration with Magdalena Spychaj.  Translated by Agnieszka Czuchra and Maciej Czuchra. Warszawa: Museum of King Jan III’s Palace at Wilanów, 2014.

Dembińska, Maria. Food and Drink in Medieval Poland: Rediscovering a Cuisine of the Past. Revised and adapted by William Woys Weaver. Translated by Magdalena Thomas. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.

Klemettilä, Hannele. The Medieval Kitchen: A Social History with Recipes. London: Reaktion Books, 2012.

Montanari, Massimo. Medieval Tastes: Food, Cooking, and the Table. Translated by Beth Archer Brombert. New York: Columbia University Press, 2012.

Scully, Terance. The Art of Cookery in the Middle Ages. Woodbridge, UK and Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 1995.

Chapter 16

Ibn Fadlan, Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North, trans. Paul Lunde and Caroline Stone (New York: Penguin, 2012).

The Russian Primary Chronicle, trans. and eds Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (Cambridge, MA: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1953).

Simon Franklin and Jonathan Shepard, The Emergence of Rus, 900–1200 (New York: Longman, 1996).

Thomas S. Noonan, The Islamic World, Russia and the Vikings (New York: Variorum, 1998).

Chapter 17

Aside from the main original sources (The Chronicle of John Skylitzes, the Primary Chronicle, and Vladimir’s Statute), all available in various translations, I have drawn inspiration from Judith Herrin’s Women in Purple: Rulers of Medieval Byzantium (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 2001) about the ways of the Byzantine court near the times of Anna Porphyrogenita. Paul Stephenson’s The Legend of Basil the Bulgar-Slayer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) was very useful in looking at the question of Anna’s marriage from another perspective. For the historical framework and consequences of her entering Prince Vladimir’s court, I have mainly based my assumptions on Simon Franklin’s and Jonathan Shepard’s The Emergence of the Rus 750–1200 (London: Longman, 1996), as well as Christian Raffensperger’s Reimagining Europe: Kievan Rus’ in the Medieval World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012). For questions on dating of the marriage and Vladimir’s baptism, I have followed Pierre Gonneau and Aleksandr Lavorv’s Des Rhôs à la Russie: histoire de l’Europe orientale (v. 730–1689) (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2012) as well as Vladimir Vodoff’s Naissance de la chrétienté russe: la conversion du prince Vladimir de Kiev (988) et ses consequences (XIe–XIIIe siècles (Paris: Fayard, 1988). For a general idea of how Kiev must have looked like at the time, I drew inspiration on Véra Traimond’s Architecture de la Russie Ancienne, vol. 1: X–XV siècles (Paris: Hermann, 2003).

Chapter 18

Cohen, Mark. The Voice of the Poor in the Middle Ages: An Anthology of Documents from the Cairo Geniza. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005.

Golb, Norman and Omeljan Pritsak. Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982.

Heppell, Muriel. The Paterik of the Kievan Caves Monastery. Cambridge, MA: Ukrainian Research Institute of Harvard University, 1989.

Kulik, Alexander. Jews in Old Rus': A Documentary History. Forthcoming.

Rotman, Youval. Byzantine Slavery and the Mediterranean World. Trans. Jane Marie Todd. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.

Chapter 19

Raffensperger, Christian. “Evpraksia Vsevolodovna between East and West.” Russian History/Histoire Russe 30, no. 1–2 (2003): 23–34.

Raffensperger, Christian. “The Missing Rusian Women: The Case of Evpraksia Vsevolodovna.” In Putting Together the Fragments: Writing Medieval Women’s Lives. Edited by Amy Livingstone and Charlotte Newman Goldy, 69–84. New York: Palgrave, 2012.

Robinson, I. S. Henry IV of Germany, 1056–1106. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text, edited and translated by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor. Cambridge, MA: The Mediaeval Academy of America, 1953.

Chapter 20

Pan.: Robert Jordan, “Pantokrator: Typikon of Emperor John II Komnenos for the Monastery of Christ Pantokrator in Constantinople,” in Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents: A Complete Translation of the Surviving Founders’ Typika and Testaments, ed. by John Thomas and Angela Constantinides Hero. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2000, 725–781.

RPC: The Russian Primary Chronicle Laurentian Text, trans. and ed. Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor. Cambridge, MA: Mediaeval Academy of America, 1973.

RTC: George Majeska, Russian Travelers to Constantinople in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1984.

Martin, Janet. Medieval Russia 980–1584, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Nicol, Donald. The Last Centuries of Byzantium 1261–1453, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.