Virtual Anthology: Suggested Readings and Websites

CHAPTER 2: Philosophical Accounts of Morality

Moral Theory

BEARS: Brown Electronic Article Review Service in Moral and Political Philosophy,
http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Philosophy/bears/homepage.html.
Maintained by James Dreier and David Estlund at Brown University from 1995 to 2000, this website published reviews of works in moral and political philosophy.

PEA Soup,
http://peasoup.typepad.com/.
This blog is a clearinghouse for hot topics, currently controversial arguments, and influential new books and papers in moral philosophy. 

Cultural Relativism

*Gowans, Chris, “Moral Relativism,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward Zalta, ed., 2004/15,
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-relativism/.

*Harman, Gilbert, “Moral Relativism Defended,” Philosophical Review 84.1, 1975: 3–22,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2184078,
http://philpapers.org/rec/HARMRD.

Prinz, Jesse, “Living with Relativism,” 2010,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ae-jz5usFAk.
Video of Jesse Prinz’s lecture at the University of Virginia in which he defends moral relativism as the only plausible moral theory.

Divine Command Theory

“Is God Necessary for Morality? William Lane Craig vs Shelly Kagan Debate,” 11/ 5/2011,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SiJnCQuPiuo.
Video featuring a Divine Command theorist and a utilitarian theorist debating about the possibility of secular moral theory.

*Murphy, Mark, “Theological Voluntarism,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward Zalta, ed., 2002/12,
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/voluntarism-theological/.

Philosophy of Religion, “The Euthyphro Dilemma,”
http://www.philosophyofreligion.info/christian-ethics/divine-command-theory/the-euthyphro-dilemma/.
Summarizes the Euthyphro-dilemma objection to the Divine Command theory and contains links to other materials related to that theory.

*Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter, Morality without God? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009,
https://global.oup.com/academic/product/morality-without-god-9780195337631?cc=us&lang=en&,
http://philpapers.org/rec/SINMWG-3.

Natural Law Theory

*Aquinas, St. Thomas, The Summa Theologica, trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province, 1947,
https://www.ccel.org/ccel/aquinas/summa/home.html.

Ethics Bites, “Trolleys, Killing and the Doctrine of Double Effect,” 2008,
http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/culture/philosophy/trolleys-killing-and-the-doctrine-double-effect?in_menu=12529.
Explains the problem facing Aquinas’s Natural Law theory for accommodating common-morality’s intuition that it is permissible to let one person die to save several, but not to kill that person for the same purpose.

*Finnis, John, Natural Law and Natural Rights. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980,
https://books.google.com/books/about/Natural_Law_and_Natural_Rights.html?id=1lRFHEI6JQoC.

*Murphy, Mark, “The Natural Law Tradition in Ethics,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward Zalta, ed., 2002/11,
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/natural-law-ethics/.

Philosophy of Religion, “Natural Law Theory,”
http://www.philosophyofreligion.info/christian-ethics/natural-law-theory/.
Outlines two versions of Natural Law theory, one “classical,” the other Thomist.

The Principle of Double Effect,
http://www.ethikseite.de/bib/bpdw.pdf.
Jörg Scroth’s comprehensive list of references about the principle of double effect.

Consequentialism/Utilitarianism

*Bentham, Jeremy, Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, 1789,
http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/bentham1780.pdf.

*Mill, John Stuart, Collected Works, John M. Robson, ed., Liberty Fund, 1963,
http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/mill-collected-works-of-john-stuart-mill-in-33-vols.

UCL Bentham Project,
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Bentham-Project/news/isus.
Maintained at University College, London, this website promotes the study of utilitarianism with an emphasis on Bentham’s version. Has useful links to the International Society for Utilitarian Studies.

Utilitarian Philosophers,
http://www.utilitarian.net/.
Contains biographical outlines of some early and contemporary utilitarians.

Utilitarian Resources,
http://www.utilitarianism.com/.
Great collection of links to websites on utilitarianism. Features a glossary at the end.

Kantian Ethics

*Hill, Thomas, “Kantian Normative Ethics,” in Copp 2006, pp. 480–514,
http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325911.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195325911-e-18.

Immanuel Kant: Links,
http://comp.uark.edu/~rlee/semiau96/kantlink.html.
Comprehensive collection of links to Kant’s texts and Kantian scholarship and blogs.

*Johnson, Robert, “Kant’s Moral Philosophy,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward Zalta, ed., 2004/08,
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-moral/.

Kant, Immanuel, Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals, 1724–1804,
https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/k/kant/immanuel/k16prm/chapter1.html.

Kant on the Web,
http://staffweb.hkbu.edu.hk/ppp/Kant.html.
Steve Palmquist’s resources on Kant. Includes links to Kant’s writings and images, together with secondary sources.

Rossian Ethics

*Dancy, Jonathan, “An Ethic of Prima Facie Duties,” in Singer 1993, pp. 219–29,
http://www.academia.edu/546831/An_ethic_of_prima_facie_duties.

McNaughton, David, “An Unconnected Heap of Duties?” Philosophical Quarterly 46: 433–47,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2956354,  
http://philpapers.org/rec/MCNAUH.

*Ross, W.D., The Right and the Good. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1930,
http://www.ditext.com/ross/right2.html.

*Skelton, Anthony, “William David Ross,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward Zalta, ed., 2010/12,
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/william-david-ross/.

W. D. Ross and Prima Facie Duties,
http://kantinternational.blogspot.com/2010/02/wd-ross-and-prima-facie-duties.html.
Gary Banham’s post on the ethics of W. D. Ross in his blog “Inter Kant,” followed by some commentaries.

Virtue Ethics

*Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 350 BCE,
http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/aristotle/Ethics.pdf.

Bibliography on Virtue Ethics,
http://ethikseite.de/bib/bvirtue.pd.
Jörg Schroth’s bibliography in virtue ethics and theory, organized both alphabetically and chronologically.

*Copp, David and David Sobel, “Morality and Virtue: An Assessment of Some Recent Work in Virtue Ethics,” Ethics 114.3, 2004: 514–54,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/382058,
http://philpapers.org/rec/COPMAV.

*Hursthouse, Rosalind, “Virtue Ethics,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward Zalta, ed., 2003/10,
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-virtue/.
Reviews classic virtue ethics and explores future directions.

KhanAcademy, “Ancient: Aristotle on the Purpose of Life,”
https://www.khanacademy.org/partner-content/wi-phi/the-history-of-philosophy/v/aristotle-on-the-purpose-of-life.
Monti Johnson, University of San Diego, summarizes Aristotle’s perfectionist view of human nature and virtue.

Care Ethics

Carol Gilligan on Women and Moral Development, 2012,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2W_9MozRoKE.
Video featuring Carol Gilligan’s account of her motivations for developing care ethics.

“Ethics of Care,”
http://ethicsofcare.org/.
Website with links to blogs, reviews, and networks focused on care and feminist ethics.

*Gilligan, Carol, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982,
http://courseweb.stthomas.edu/sjlaumakis/Reading%204-GILLIGAN.pdf.

*Noddings, Nel, Caring: A Feminine Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984,
https://books.google.com/books?id=G6HMcn1kwfwC.

Particularism

Callahan, Daniel, “Universalism and Particularism: Fighting to a Draw,” Hastings Center Report 30.1, 2000: 37–44,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3527994,
http://philpapers.org/rec/CALUP.

*Dancy, Jonathan, “Ethical Particularism and Morally Relevant Properties,” Mind 92.368, 1983: 530–47,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2254092,   
http://philpapers.org/rec/DANEPA.

*———, “Moral Particularism,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward Zalta, ed., 2001/2013,
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-particularism/.

The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, 2014,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VthiiIhN3wg.
TV clip featuring Jonathan Dancy explaining his moral particularism to a broad audience.

Philosophy Bites, “Jonathan Dancy on Moral Particularism,” 2012,
http://philosophybites.com/moral-particularism/.
Podcast featuring Jonathan Dancy in conversation with Nigel Warburton.

Reference Volumes

Copp, David, ed., Oxford Handbook of Ethical Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006,
DOI:10.1093/0195147790.001.0001.

Crane, Tim, ed., Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online, 2016,
https://www.rep.routledge.com/.

Singer, Peter, ed., A Companion to Ethics. Cambridge, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 1993,
http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0631187855.html.

Skorupski, John, Routledge Companion to Ethics. Oxford: Routledge, 2010,
http://www.tandfebooks.com/isbn/9780203850701.

CHAPTER 3: Principle-Oriented and Case-Oriented Bioethics

*Ackerman, Terrence F., “Why Doctors Should Intervene,” Hastings Center Report 12.4, 1982: 14–7,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3560762,
http://philpapers.org/rec/ACKWDS.

Allen, Marshall, “How Many Die from Medical Mistakes in U.S. Hospitals?” Scientific American, 9/20/2013,
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-many-die-from-medical-mistakes-in-us-hospitals/.
Provides updated rates of patients who have been the victims of preventable harm in the hospital environment.

Altman, Lawrence K., “Even the Elite Hospitals Aren’t Immune to Errors,” The New York Times,2/23/2003,
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/23/us/even-the-elite-hospitals-aren-t-immune-to-errors.html.
Surveys some cases of fatal medical errors in major hospitals of the sort involved in the Santillán case.

Alzheimer Europe, “The American Influence: Definitions and Approaches,”
http://www.alzheimer-europe.org/Ethics/Definitions-and-approaches/The-four-common-bioethical-principles.
By contrast with the four-principles approach of American bioethics, finds the European approach to biomedical issues to be more focused on the social and cultural context.

*Arras, John, "Theory and Bioethics," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta, ed., 2010,
http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2013/entries/theory-bioethics/.

*Beauchamp, Tom L., “Principlism and Its Alleged Competitors,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 5.3, 1995: 181–98,
DOI: 10.1353/ken.0.0111,
http://philpapers.org/rec/BEAPAI-2.

Bioethics Tools, “Principles of Bioethics,” University of Washington School of Medicine,
https://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/tools/princpl.html.
Thomas R. McCormick discusses the place of principles in bioethics. Includes links to cases.

*Callahan, Daniel, “Principlism and Communitarianism,” Journal of Medical Ethics 29.5, 2003: 287–91,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27719102,
http://philpapers.org/rec/DCAPAC.

*Cowart, Dax and Robert Burt, “Confronting Death: Who Chooses, Who Controls? A Dialogue Between Dax Cowart and Robert Burt,” Hastings Center Report 28.1, 1998: 14–7,
http://philpapers.org/rec/BURCDW,
http://philpapers.org/rec/BURCDW.

“Doctor Denies Keeping Patient in the Dark about Terminal Cancer,” The Guardian, 4/13/2016,
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/apr/13/mark-bonar-denies-patient-terminal-cancer?CMP=share_btn_link.
News item commenting on a physician’s alleged violation of duties of nonmaleficence and respect for patient autonomy.

“Doctor, Tell Me the Truth,” BBC Radio 4,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01c7nd3.
Radio program on health care providers’ duty to tell patients the truth about medical errors following a current US model.

Foster, Charles, “Autonomy: Amorphous or Just Impossible?” Practical Ethics,
http://blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk/2011/03/autonomy-amorphous-or-just-impossible/#more-1320.
Foster’s contribution to the site administered at Oxford University questioning the view of extremists about autonomy.

*Jonsen, Alfred, “Casuistry: An Alternative or Complement to Principles?” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 5.3, 1995: 237–51,
DOI: 10.1353/ken.0.0016,
http://philpapers.org/rec/JONCAA-2.

McCarrick, Pat Milmoe, “Principles and Theory in Bioethics,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 5.3, 1995: 279–86,          
DOI: 10.1353/ken.0.0072.

McNeil, Donald G., Jr., “A Regime’s Tight Grip on AIDS,” The New York Times, 5/7/ 2012,
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/08/health/a-regimes-tight-grip-lessons-from-cuba-in-aids-control.html?login=email&pagewanted=all.
Outlines the conflict between beneficence and respect for autonomy during Cuba’s success story in containing the HIV/AIDS epidemic by means of mandatory confinement of infected patients.

PHG Foundation, “Principles of Bioethics,”
http://www.phgfoundation.org/tutorials/moral.theories/6.html.
Features a brief tutorial on the four principles of bioethics.

“Philadelphia to Bring in 'Soda Tax' to Fight Obesity,” BBC News, 6/16/2016,
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-36553964.
Invokes beneficence as a reason for adopting a paternalistic taxation of soft drinks in Philadelphia that follows the San Francisco model.

Principlism and Its Critics, Jim Childress,
https://ibc.georgetown.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/childress_lectureslides.pdf.
Collection of James Childress slides addressing principlists’ and anti-principlists’ main claims.

Silver-Greenberg, Jessica, “Debt Collector Is Faulted for Tough Tactics in Hospitals,” The New York Times, 4/24/2012,
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/25/business/debt-collector-is-faulted-for-tough-tactics-in-hospitals.html?pagewanted=all.
News item offering evidence that some health care providers are allowing debt collectors in ERs and other medical facilities, something in violation of rules of confidentiality, patient autonomy, and even beneficence.

*Smith Iltis, Ana, “Bioethics as Methodological Case Resolution: Specification, Specified Principlism and Casuistry,” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 25.3, 2000: 271–84,
DOI:10.1076/0360-5310(200006)25:3;1-H;FT271,
http://philpapers.org/rec/ILTBAM.

“Theoretical Approaches to Health Care Ethics,” PennState College of Health & Human Development, School of Nursing,
http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/d/x/dxm12/n458/theoretical_approaches.htm.
Outlines the four-principles approach and anti-principlism, especially of the casuist variety.

CHAPTER 4: Managing Patient Information

Anesi, George L., “The ‘Decrepit Concept’ of Confidentiality, 30 Years Later,” AMA Journal of Ethics 14.9, 2012: 708–11,
http://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/2012/09/jdsc1-1209.html.

BBC News, “DNA Test Reveals 80 Markers for Inherited Cancer Risk,”
http://www.bbc.com/news/health-21960776.
Short video explaining some advances in genetic knowledge about cancer.

*Beyene, Yewoubdar, "Medical Disclosure and Refugees: Telling Bad News to Ethiopian Patients," The Western Journal of Medicine 157.3, 1992: 328–33,
https://ethnomed.org/culture/ethiopian/rbeyene.pdf/view.

———, “Lost in Clinical Translation,” The New York Times, 2/8/2014,
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/02/08/lost-in-clinical-translation/.
Emphasizes the importance of conveying information to patients in a way they can understand.

Brown, Theresa, “Telling Patients the Whole Truth,” The New York Times, 5/12/2010,
http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/12/telling-patients-the-whole-truth/?_r=0.
A registered nurse reflects on the hard questions about truth telling in patient care.

*General Medical Council, “Confidentiality: Protecting and Providing Information,” 2000, http://www.gmc-uk.org/confidentiality_sep_2000.pdf_25416426.pdf.
Provides practical and moral guidance for appropriate handling of patient information in the UK.

*Higgs, Roger, “Truth at the Last: A Case of Obstructed Death?” Journal of Medical Ethics 8.1, 1982: 48–50,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27716031,
http://philpapers.org/rec/HIGTAT-2.

Jauhar, Sandeep, “When Doctors Need to Lie,” The New York Times, 2/22/2014,
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/23/opinion/sunday/when-doctors-need-to-lie.html.
Comments on real-life scenarios in patient care where paternalistic non-disclosure seems justified.

*Kipnis, Kenneth, “A Defense of Unqualified Medical Confidentiality,” American Journal of Bioethics 6.2: 2006: 7–18,
DOI     10.1080/15265160500506308,
http://philpapers.org/rec/KIPADO.

*Lipkin, Mack, “On Telling Patients the Truth,” Newsweek, 6/4/1979,
https://philosophy.tamucc.edu/readings/ethics/lipkin-truth-telling?destination=node%2F600
http://philpapers.org/rec/HIGOTP.

*Pellegrino, Edmund, “Is Truth Telling to the Patient a Cultural Artifact?” JAMA 268.13, 1992: 1735,
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=400298.

*Pinker, Steven, “My Genome, My Self,” The New York Times, 1/7/2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/11/magazine/11Genome-t.html.
Objects to strong genetic environmentalism and determinism, arguing that behavioral and psychological traits are the result of subtle interactions between genetics, the environment, and chance.

Pollack, Andrew, “DNA Blueprint for Fetus Built Using Tests of Parents,” The New York Times, 6/6/2012,
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/07/health/tests-of-parents-are-used-to-map-genes-of-a-fetus.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all.
Provides updates on new procedures to obtain the complete DNA of a fetus, which may allow parents to use selective abortion on the basis of genetic knowledge.

*Rhodes, Rosamond, “Genetic Links, Family Ties, and Social Bonds: Rights and Responsibilities in the Face of Genetic Knowledge,” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 23.1, 1998: 10–30,
DOI     10.1076/jmep.23.1.10.2594,
http://philpapers.org/rec/RHOGLF.

*Siegler, Mark, “Confidentiality in Medicine: A Decrepit Concept,” The New England Journal of Medicine 307.24, 1982: 1518–21,
http://faculty.bsc.edu/bmyers/Seigler,%20confidentiality.pdf.

*Stanard, Rebecca and Richard Hazler, “Legal and Ethical Implications of HIV and the Duty to Warn for Counselors: When Does Tarasoff Apply?” Journal of Counseling & Development 73.4, 1995: 397–400,
DOI:http://dx.doi.org.libproxy.stcloudstate.edu/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1995.tb01771.x.

 “The Story of a 'Previvor,'” The New York Times, 8/31/2007,
http://video.nytimes.com/video/2007/08/31/health/1194817106561/the-story-of-a-previvor.html.
The story of a woman who is about to have a “preventive” mastectomy based on knowledge of having inherited mutations associated with higher risk of breast cancer.

*Takala, Tuija, “The Right to Genetic Ignorance Confirmed,” Bioethics 13.3–4, 1999: 288–93,
DOI     10.1111/1467-8519.00157,
http://philpapers.org/rec/TAKTRT.

TrueVault, “Protected Health Information (PHI),”
https://www.truevault.com/protected-health-information.html.
Outlines the facts and regulations about information that can be used to identify a person
in a medical record created in the course of health care services.

Truth-Telling and Withholding Information, University of Washington School of Medicine,
https://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/truth.html.
Outlines the ethical questions about disclosure and illustrates with cases.

Zuger, Abigail, “With Electronic Medical Records, Doctors Read When They Should Talk,” The New York Times, 10/3/2014,
http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/13/with-electronic-medical-records-doctors-read-when-they-should-talk/.
Addresses the new challenges of managing patient information through electronic records.

CHAPTER 5: Consent with Competence and Without

AHC Media, “AMA Rejects Therapeutic Privilege, Advises Giving Patients Full Story,” 8/1/2006,
http://www.ahcmedia.com/articles/121739-ama-rejects-therapeutic-privilege-advises-giving-patients-full-story.
Commentary on the AMA view that therapeutic privilege creates a conflict between promoting patient welfare and respect for their autonomy.

American Medical Association, “Surrogate Decision Making,” Code of Medical Ethics, Opinion 8.081, 2001,
http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-ethics/code-medical-ethics/opinion8081.page?.
Describes acceptable standards for surrogate decisionmaking for patients with absent or diminished capacity to consent to treatment.

*Arras, John D., “The Severely Demented, Minimally Functional Patient: An Ethical Analysis,” Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 36, 1988: 938–44,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/19985325_The_Severely_Demented_Minimally_Functional_Patient_An_Ethical_Analysis.

Asch, A. and A. Stubblefield, “Growth Attenuation: Good intentions, Bad Decision,” American Journal of Bioethics 10.1, 2010: 46–8,
DOI     10.1080/15265160903441111,
http://philpapers.org/rec/ASCGAG.

Ashley’s Mom and Dad (Parents of Seattle’s ‘Ashley X’), “The Ashley Treatment,” 2007/12,
http://pillowangel.org/Ashley%20Treatment.pdf.
Gives Ashley’s parents’ reasons for her nontherapeutic treatment.

Berg, Jessica W., Paul S. Appelbaum, Charles W. Lidz, and Lisa S. Parker, Informed Consent: Legal Theory and Clinical Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001,
https://books.google.com/books/about/Informed_Consent.html?id=b6w7V7gCkSIC.

*Brock, Dan W., “Decisionmaking Competence and Risk,” Bioethics 5.2, 1991: 105–12,
DOI     10.1111/j.1467-8519.1991.tb00151.x,
http://philpapers.org/rec/BRODCA-2.

Carlson, D. R. and D. A. Dorfman, “Investigative Report regarding the ‘Ashley Treatment,’” 5/8/2007,
http://www.disabilityrightswa.org/sites/default/files/uploads/Full_Report_InvestigativeReportRegardingtheAshleyTreatment.pdf.
Argues that the Ashley Treatment violated the rights of the disabled as protected by the Constitution and Washington state law. Emphasizes the need of a court review and the appointment of a guardian ad litem to represent the interest of the disabled child before any nontherapeutic treatment resulting in sterilization is administered.

Diekema, Douglas and Norman Fost, “Ashley Revisited: A Response to the Critics,” American Journal of Bioethics 10.1, 2010: 30–44,
DOI     10.1080/15265160903469336,
http://philpapers.org/rec/DIEARA-2.

Edwards, S. D., “The Ashley Treatment: A Step Too Far, or Not Far Enough?” Journal of Medical Ethics 34.5, 2008: 341–3,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27720080,
http://philpapers.org/rec/EDWTAT-4.

*Eyal, Nir, “Informed Consent,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, E. Zalta, ed., 2011, accessed 1/30/2016,
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/informed-consent/.

*Faden, Ruth and Beauchamp, Tom L., A History and Theory of Informed Consent. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986,
http://bit.ly/2e5JKxn.

Field, Genevieve, “Should Parents of Children with Severe Disabilities Be Allowed to Stop Their Growth?” The New York Times, 3/22/2016,
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/27/magazine/should-parents-of-severely-disabled-children-be-allowed-to-stop-their-growth.html.
Provides an update on facts and moral controversies concerning the ‘Ashley treatment.’

General Medical Council, “Consent Guidance: Patients and Doctors Making Decisions Together,” 2013,
http://www.gmc-uk.org/guidance/ethical_guidance/consent_guidance_index.asp.
A webpage with traditional guidance about informed consent for doctors. Has links to consent and mental capacity, and the law in the UK.

Inside the Ethics Committee, BBC Radio 4, “Advance Directive,”
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00t97xc.
Radio program raising the question of whether a woman who attempted suicide and has an advance directive refusing life-sustaining intervention should be treated.

*Katz, Jay, “Informed Consent—Must It Remain a Fairy Tale?” Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy 10, 1967: 69–91,
http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3916&context=fss_papers.

Kittay, E. and Kittay, J., “Whose Convenience? Whose Truth? A Comment on Peter Singer's ‘A Convenient Truth,’” Bioethics Forum, 2/28/2007,
http://www.thehastingscenter.org/whose-convenience-whose-truth/.
Post by the parents of a severely disabled child opposing the ‘Ashley treatment.’

*Kluge, Eike-Henner W., “Incompetent Patients, Substitute Decision Making, and Quality of Life: Some Ethical Considerations,” The Medscape Journal of Medicine 10.10, 2008: 237,
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2605131/.

Kuczewski, Mark and Patrick J. Mccruden, “Informed Consent: Does It Take a Village? The Problem of Culture and Truth Telling,” Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 10.1, 2001: 34–46,
DOI     10.1017/S0963180101001050,
http://philpapers.org/rec/MARICD.  

*Liao, S., Julian Savulescu, and Mark Sheehan, “The Ashley Treatment: Best Interests, Convenience, and Parental Decision-Making,” Hastings Center Report 37.2, 2007: 16–20,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4625724,
http://philpapers.org/rec/LIATAT-2.

*Mappes, Thomas A., “Persistent Vegetative State, Prospective Thinking, and Advance Directives,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, 13.2, 2003: 119–39,
https://muse.jhu.edu/article/44623/summary,
http://philpapers.org/rec/MAPPVS.

Matheny Antommaria, Armand, et al., “Growth Attenuation: Health Outcomes and Social Services,” The Hastings Center Report 41.5, 2011: 4–8,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/41241297,  
http://philpapers.org/rec/ANTGAT.

Natanson v. Kline, 186 Kan. 393, 1960, 350 P.2d 1093,
http://www.leagle.com/decision/1960579186Kan393_1510.xml/NATANSON%20v.
Provides excerpts of the justices’ opinions in this landmark case.

No More Ashley X's: Say NO to Growth Attenuation,
http://saynoga.blogspot.com/.
Blog opposing the Ashley Treatment, with links to journal and scholarly articles.

PillowAngel.org,
http://pillowangel.org/
Blog advocating for growth-attenuation treatments for severely disabled children like Ashley, with links to several cases worldwide.

SDN: The Student Doctor Network, “Therapeutic Privilege,”
http://forums.studentdoctor.net/threads/therapeuric-privilege.129747/.
Discussion board on therapeutic privilege with posts by medical students.

Singer, Peter, “A Convenient Truth,” The New York Times, 1/26/2007,
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/26/opinion/26singer.html.
Argues that the ‘Ashley treatment’ was in the child’s best interests.

*Veatch, Robert M., “Abandoning Informed Consent,” Hastings Center Report 25.2, 1995: 5–12,
DOI:10.2307/3562859,
http://philpapers.org/rec/VEAAIC.

*Wicclair, Mark R., “Patient Decision-Making Capacity and Risk,” Bioethics 5.2, 1991: 91–104,
DOI     10.1111/j.1467-8519.1991.tb00150.x,
http://philpapers.org/rec/WICPDC.

CHAPTER 6: Death and Dying

*Bernat, James L., “The Whole-Brain Concept of Death Remains Optimum Public Policy,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 34.1, 2006: 35–43,
DOI     10.1111/j.1748-720X.2006.00006.x,
http://philpapers.org/rec/JAMTWC.

*Chiong, Winston, “Brain Death without Definitions,” The Hastings Center Report 35.6, 2005: 20–30.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3528562,
http://philpapers.org/rec/CHIBDW.

* “A Definition of Irreversible Coma—Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death,” Journal of the American Medical Association 205.6, 1968: 337–40,
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=340177.

Gorman, James, “Awake or Knocked Out? The Line Gets Blurrier,” The New York Times, 4/12/2012,
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/17/science/studying-states-of-consciousness.html.
Looks closely at recent discoveries about consciousness in relation to the neocortex and other parts of the brain.

Greenberg, Gary, “As Good as Dead: Is There Really such a Thing as Brain Death?” The New Yorker, 8/13/2001,
http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2001/08/13/as-good-as-dead.
Presents a case about organvdonation at the end of life in the course of arguing that brain death is a convenient medical fiction.

———, “Lights Out: A New Reckoning for Brain Death,” The New Yorker, 1/15/2014,
http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/lights-out-a-new-reckoning-for-brain-death.
Sequel to the author’s 2001 skepticism about brain death.

“Jahi McMath, 'Brain Dead' US Girl: Life Support Extended,” BBC News, 12/31/2013,
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-25552818.
Outlines the facts about the Jahi McMath case and raises some moral questions.

Laureys, Steven, Adrain M. Owen, and Nicholas D. Scriff, “Brain Function in Coma, Vegetative State, and Related Disorders,” Lancet Neurol 3, 2004: 537–46,
http://www.coma.ulg.ac.be/papers/vs/PVS_MCS_LIS_LancetN04.pdf.

*McMahan, Jeff, “An Alternative to Brain Death,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 34.1, 2006: 44–8,
DOI     10.1111/j.1748-720X.2006.00007.x,
http://philpapers.org/rec/JEFATB.

*Miller, Franklin G. and Robert D. Truog, “The Dead Donor Rule and Organ Transplantation,” New England Journal of Medicine 359.7, 2008: 674–5,
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp0804474.

Mundasad, Smitha, “Doctors Call for Global Consensus on Diagnosis of Death,” BBC News, 6/3/2013,
www.bbc.com/news/health-22730360.
Highlights some of the problems facing the use of different criteria of death globally.

———, “Vegetative Patients Show Glimmers of Consciousness,” BBC News, 10/17/2014,
http://www.bbc.com/news/health-29643038.
Presents new discoveries concerning the minimally conscious state.

*Pallis, C., “Whole-Brain Death Reconsidered—Physiological Facts and Philosophy,” Journal of Medical Ethics 9, 1983: 32–7,
http://jme.bmj.com/content/9/1/32.full.pdf+html?ijkey=79f0e9a120aa213110a890864c26993a8fd7c6ed&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha.

*Pellegrino, Edmund. D., “Personal Statement,” pp. 107–21 in Controversies in the Determination of Death: A White Paper, President’s Council on Bioethics, Washington DC, 2008,
http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps110638/determination_of_death_report.pdf.

*President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Defining Death: Medical, Legal and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1981,
https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/bitstream/handle/1805/707/Definining%20death%20-%201981.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

Sanghavi, Darshak, “When Does Death Start?” The New York Times, 12/16/2009,
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/20/magazine/20organ-t.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.
A pediatric cardiologist provides anecdotal evidence of the benefits of donation after cardiac death (DCD) and discusses DCD protocols for children, such as the Denver protocol.

*Singer, Peter, “Is the Sanctity of Life Ethic Terminally Ill?” Bioethics 9.3–4, 1995: 307–43,
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-8519.1995.tb00368.x/abstract.

*Uniform Determination of Death Act, 1980,
http://people.bu.edu/wwildman/courses/thth/projects/thth_projects_2003_lewis/udda.pdf.
States the disjunctive standard of death quickly endorsed by the American Medical Association (1980) and the American Bar Association (1981).

*Veatch, Robert M., “Abandon the Dead Donor Rule or Change the Definition of Death,” Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 14.3, 2004: 261–76,
DOI     10.1353/ken.2004.0035,
http://philpapers.org/rec/VEAATD.

Walsh, Fergus, “Vegetative Patient Scott Routley Says 'I'm Not in Pain,'” BBC News, 11/13/2012,
http://www.bbc.com/news/health-20268044.
Shows how new scans can help decide which unconscious patients are in a vegetative state and which in a minimally conscious state.

CHAPTER 7: When Life Supports Are Futile or Refused

Blackburn, Jim, “What Is the Church's Teaching on Extraordinary Care for the Sick?” Catholic Answers,
http://www.catholic.com/quickquestions/what-is-the-churchs-teaching-on-extraordinary-care-for-the-sick.
Explains the Catholic understanding of the ordinary-versus-extraordinary-means distinction in end-of-life medical decisionmaking.

*Cruzan v Director Missouri Department of Health, Oyez Scholar at Chicago-Kent College of Law at Illinois Tech, accessed 2/23/2015,
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1980-1989/1989/1989_88_1503.
Full audio recording of the Supreme Court hearing. Particularly relevant to this chapter are Justice Scalia’s reflection on whether forgoing life supports for permanently unconscious patients amounts to assisted suicide, and Justice Stevens’s view that such patients no longer have personal interests.

DeTurris Poust, Mary, “Bioethics: What Constitutes 'Extraordinary Means' of Care?” OSV Newsweekly, 1/1/2009,
https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/Article/TabId/535/ArtMID/13567/ArticleID/13667/Bioethics-What-constitutes-extraordinary-means-of-care.aspx.
Outlines the Catholic perspective on forgoing life-sustaining treatment, including Artificial Nutrition and Hydration (ANH).

Dresser, Rebecca S. and John A. Robertson, “Quality of Life and Non-treatment Decisions for Incompetent Patients: A Critique of the Orthodox Approach,” Law, Medicine & Health Care 17.3, 1989: 234–44,
DOI     10.1111/j.1748-720X.1989.tb01101.x,
http://philpapers.org/rec/DREQOL.

*Dworkin, Ronald, “The Right to Death,” The New York Review of Books, 1/31/1991,
http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1991/01/31/the-right-to-death/.

Dyer, Clare, “Miss B Dies after Winning Fight to End Care,” The Guardian, 4/30/2002,
http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2002/apr/30/health.medicineandhealth2.
Outlines the main events in Miss B’s defense of her right to end life-sustaining treatment.

“Famous Cases: Airedale NHS Trust vs Tony Bland,” Brightside,
https://www.brightknowledge.org/knowledge-bank/law-and-politics/features-and-resources/famous-cases-airedale-nhs-trust-vs-tony-bland.
Outlines the events that led to the withdrawal of life supports for Tony Bland.

*Finnis, John, “‘The Value of Human Life’ and ‘The Right to Death’: Some Reflections on Cruzan and Ronald Dworkin,” Notre Dame Law School 1.1, 1993: 559–71,
http://scholarship.law.nd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1307&context=law_faculty_scholarship.

*Giacino, Joseph T., Joseph J. Fins, Steven Laureys, and Nicholas D. Schiff, “Disorders of Consciousness after Acquired Brain Injury: The State of the Science,” Nature Reviews Neurology 10, 2014: 99–114,
DOI     10.1038/nrneurol.2013.279.

Hickey, James V. and Sharon A. Fischer, “‘Ordinary’ and ‘Extraordinary’ Vary with the Case,” Hastings Center Report 13.5 1983: 43–4,
DOI: 10.2307/3560580,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3560580,
http://philpapers.org/rec/HICOAE.

“Hillsborough Inquests: Victim Tony Bland 'Should Have Been Treated Differently,'” BBC News, 10/19/2015,
http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-merseyside-34569905.
Provides an update on an inquest on whether Tony Bland received appropriate medical care after his injury at the Hillsborough Stadium.

“How the Right to Die Came to America,” National Center for Life and Liberty,
http://www.ncll.org/liberty-centers/center-for-life-defense/cld-articles/57-how-the-right-to-die-came-to-america.
In the course of advocating the right to die, describes the events that led to the decisions in Quinlan, Cruzan, and other landmark cases for that right.

Jecker, Nancy, “Knowing When to Stop: The Limits of Medicine,” Hastings Center Report 21.3, 1991: 5–8, Database: JSTOR Journals,
DOI: 10.2307/3563315,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3563315,
http://philpapers.org/rec/JECKWT.

———, “Medical Futility,” Ethics in Medicine,
https://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/futil.html.
Administered by the Department of Bioethics and Humanities at the University of Washington School of Medicine, this website features among other posts one Jecker’s analysis of the concept of medical futility and cases for discussion.

———, “The Problem with Rescue Medicine,” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 38.1, 2013: 64–82,
DOI     10.1093/jmp/jhs056,
http://philpapers.org/rec/JECTPW.

John Paul II, "Life-Sustaining Treatments and Vegetative State: Scientific Advances and Ethical Dilemmas," 3/20/2004,
http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/speeches/2004/march/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20040320_congress-fiamc.html.
A Vatican website featuring John Paul II’s address to the Participants of an international congress bearing on the issue of forgoing life-sustaining treatment for patient in PVS.

Kass, L. R., “Is There a Right to Die?” Hastings Center Report 23.1, 1993: 34–43,
DOI: 10.2307/3562279,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3562279,
http://philpapers.org/rec/KASITA.

*Lynn, Joanne and James F. Childress, “Must Patients Always Be Given Food and Water?” Hastings Center Report 13.5, 1983: 17–21,
DOI: 10.2307/3560572,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3560572,
http://philpapers.org/rec/LYNMPA.

Szawarski, P. and V. Kakar, “Classic Cases Revisited: Anthony Bland and Withdrawal of Artificial Nutrition and Hydration in the UK,” Journal of the Intensive Care Society 13.2, 2012: 126–9,
http://inc.sagepub.com/content/13/2/126.full.pdf+html.

CHAPTER 8: Medically Assisted Death

*Alpers, Ann, “Criminal Act or Palliative Care? Prosecutions Involving the Care of the Dying,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 26.4, 1998: 308–31, accessed 2/12/16,
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.1998.tb01678.x,
http://www.hospicepatients.org/palliative-prosecutions.html,
http://philpapers.org/rec/ALPCAO.

“Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia: A Guide to the Evidence,” The Anscombe Bioethics Centre,
http://www.bioethics.org.uk/page/resources/default.
Written for the debate over the legalization of physician-assisted death (PAD) in the UK, offers objections to the measure from the Catholic perspective. Has links to organizations for and against PAD.

*Brock, Dan, “Voluntary Active Euthanasia,” Hastings Center Report 22.2, 1992: 10–22,
DOI: 10.2307/3562560,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3562560,
http://philpapers.org/rec/BROVAE.

*Callahan, Daniel, “When Self-Determination Runs Amok,” Hastings Center Report 22.2, 1992: 52–5,
DOI: 10.2307/3562566,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3562566,
http://philpapers.org/s/When%20Self-Determination%20Runs%20Amok.

“Debbie Purdy Wins House of Lords Victory to Have Assisted Suicide Law Clarified,” The Telegraph, 7/31/2009,
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/5942603/Debbie-Purdy-wins-House-of-Lords-victory-to-have-assisted-suicide-law-clarified.html.
Article and video featuring a landmark decision in Britain over suicide tourism after Debbie Purdy’s legal challenge to the Director of Public Prosecutions. Interesting links to related news items.

*Dieterle, J. M., “Physician-Assisted Suicide: A New Look at the Arguments,” Bioethics 21.3, 2007: 127–39,
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8519.2007.00536.x,
http://philpapers.org/rec/DIEPAS.

*Dworkin, Ronald, Thomas Nagel, Robert Nozick, John Rawls, T. M. Scanlon, and Judith J. Thomson, “The Philosophers’ Brief,” New York Review of Books 44.5, 1997: 41–5,
http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1997/mar/27/assisted-suicide-the-philosophers-brief/.
Amici Curiae in the 1997 Supreme Court cases Washington v Glucksberg and Vacco v Quill. Argues that some patients have a constitutional liberty interest in hastening their own deaths that is protected by the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Ethics Updates—Euthanasia and End-of-Life Decisions,
http://ethics.sandiego.edu/Applied/Euthanasia/index.asp - 2/18/2015.
Lawrence M. Hinman website featuring useful information and links on physician-assisted death.

*Garrard, E. and S. Wilkinson, “Passive Euthanasia,” Journal of Medical Ethics 31.2, 2005: 64–8,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27719333,
http://philpapers.org/rec/EGAPE-2.

Kass, Leon, “I Will Give No Deadly Drug: Why Doctors Must Not Kill,” in Foley and Hendin 2002, pp. 17–40,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13180867_'I_Will_Give_No_Deadly_Drug'_Why_Doctors_Must_Not_Kill.

*Lachs, John, “When Abstract Moralizing Runs Amok,” The Journal of Clinical Ethics 5.1, 1994: 10–3,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/15194959_When_abstract_moralizing_runs_amok
http://philpapers.org/rec/LACWAM.

“Latimer Still Defends Killing Daughter,” CBCNEWS, Montreal, 2/17/2011,
http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/latimer-still-defends-killing-daughter-1.1126076.
Video interview with Robert Latimer in which he invokes an Argument from Mercy to defends his decision to end the life of his severely disabled daughter.

*The Oregon Death with Dignity Act,
http://www.finalexit.org/oregon_death_with_dignity_act.html.
Sets the conditions for legal physician-assisted suicide in Oregon and the steps physicians must follow before and after writing a lethal prescription.

Park, James Leonard, “Books Opposing the Right-to-Die,” 2015,
http://www.tc.umn.edu/~parkx032/B-RTD-NO.html.
Website offering a selection of books against the right to die, arranged in what the editor believes is decreasing order of importance.

*Quill, Timothy E., “Death and Dignity: A Case of Individualized Decision Making,” New England Journal of Medicine 323.10, 1991: 691–4,
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199103073241010,
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199103073241010.

*Rachels, James, “Active and Passive Euthanasia,” The New England Journal of Medicine 292.2, 1975: 78–80,
http://rintintin.colorado.edu/~vancecd/phil1100/Rachels.pdf.

Span, Paula, “Physician Aid in Dying Gains Acceptance in the U.S.,” The New York Times, 1/16/2017.
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/16/health/physician-aid-in-dying.html?emc=eta1&_r=0
Offers updated information about recent changes of attitudes toward physician assisted death in the US.

“State-by-State Guide to Physician-Assisted Suicide,” ProCon.Org,
http://euthanasia.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000132.
Offers updated information about the legal status of PAD in the US.

“Terminally Ill 29-Year-Old to End Her Life,” CNN, 10/7/2014,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7-_qD09N_Y.
Short video about Brittany Maynard’s decision to end her life after being diagnosed with terminal illness and to help promoting the right-to-die movement in the US.

The UK Supreme Court’s ruling in Nicklinson v. Ministry of Justice, 6/25/2014,
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzJc1BYNfq8.On.
A fifteen-minute broadcast of Britain’s Supreme Court ruling in the Nicklinson case.

*Young, Robert, “Voluntary Euthanasia,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward Zalta, ed., 1996/2014,
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/euthanasia-voluntary/.

CHAPTER 9: End-of-Life Measures for Severely Compromised Newborns

Barry, S., “Quality of Life and Myelomeningocele: An Ethical and Evidence-Based Analysis
of the Groningen Protocol,” Pediatric Neurosurgery 46, 2010: 409–14,
DOI: 10.1159/000322895,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21540616.

“Belgian Senate Votes to Extend Euthanasia to Children,” BBC News, 12/13/2013,
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-25364745.
Reports on Belgium’s controversial bill allowing regulated euthanasia for children.

Capron, Alexander Morgan, “Baby Ryan and Virtual Futility,” Hastings Center Report 25.2, 1995: 20,
DOI: 10.2307/3562861,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3562861,
http://philpapers.org/rec/CAPBRA.

Chambers, Marcia, “Baby Doe: Hard Case for Parents and Courts,” The New York Times, 1/8/1984,
http://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/08/nyregion/baby-doe-hard-case-for-parents-and-courts.html.
Reviews the background facts in the sanctioning of the Baby Doe regulations, including the Long Island Baby Doe case.

Davis, Allison, “Right to Life of the Handicapped,” Journal of Medical Ethics 9, 1983: 181,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27716190.

Gallagher, James, “Severely Premature Babies: More Survive Being Born Early,” BBC News, 5/12/2012,
http://www.bbc.com/news/health-20583678.
Offers data on the improvement of survival rates among preemies obtained by the EPICure studies of the Medical Research Council in England, between 1995 and 2006.

Gross, M. L. “Avoiding Anomalous Newborns: Preemptive Abortion, Treatment Thresholds and the Case of Baby Messenger,” Journal of Medical Ethics 26.4, 2000: 242–8,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27718531,
http://philpapers.org/rec/MLGAAN.

*Kluge, Eike-Henner W., “Severely Disabled Newborns,” in Kuhse and Singer 2012, pp. 274–85,
DOI: 10.1002/9781444307818.ch24,
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444307818.ch24/summary.

*Kon, Alexander A., “We Cannot Accurately Predict the Extent of an Infant’s Future Suffering: The Groningen Protocol Is Too Dangerous,” The American Journal of Bioethics 8.11, 2008: 23–6,
DOI: 10.1080/15265160802513150,
http://philpapers.org/rec/KONWCA.

*Kopelman, Loretta M., “Rejecting the Baby Doe Rules and Defending a ‘Negative’ Analysis of the Best Interests Standard,” Journal of Medicine & Philosophy 30.4, 2005: 331–52,
DOI: 10.1080/03605310591008487,
http://philpapers.org/rec/KOPRTB.

Parikh, Rahul K., M.D., “Preemies, Better Care Also Means Hard Choice,” The New York Times, 8/13/2013,
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/14/health/views/better-care-for-premature-babies-also-means-harder-choices.html?_r=1.
Provides anecdotal evidence of the hard choices facing parents and health care providers when an extremely premature baby is born.

*Paris, J. J., M. D. Schreiber, and M. Moreland, “Parental Refusal of Medical Treatment for a Newborn,” Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 28.5, 2007: 427–41,
DOI     10.1007/s11017-007-9046-9,
http://philpapers.org/rec/PARPRO.

*Resnik, Jack, “The Baby Doe Rules,” The Embryo Project Encyclopedia, 1984,
https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/baby-doe-rules-1984.
Informative account of the debate about Baby Jane Doe and the Baby Doe rules.

* Robertson, John A.. “Extreme Prematurity and Parental Rights after Baby Doe,” Hastings Center Report 34.4, 2004: 32–9,
DOI: 10.2307/3528691,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3528691,
http://philpapers.org/rec/ROBEPA-2.

*———, “Involuntary Euthanasia of Defective Newborns: A Legal Analysis,” Stanford Law Review 27.2, 1975: 213–69,
DOI: 10.2307/1228265,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1228265.

Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, “Withholding or Withdrawing Life Sustaining Treatment in Children: A Framework for Practice,” 2004,
http://www.gmc-uk.org/Witholding.pdf_40818793.pdf.
Set of practical and ethical recommendations for health care providers during the decisionmaking process involved in forgoing life supports for children.

UCSF Children’s Hospital, “Very Low and Extremely Low Birthweight Infants,” Intensive Care Nursery House Staff Manual, 2004,
www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/pdf/manuals/20_VLBW_ELBW.pdf.
Compiles data on the risk factors and neonatal complications faced by preemies and low-birthweight newborns.

*Verhagen, Eduard A. A., “The Groningen Protocol for Newborn Euthanasia: Which Way Did the Slippery Slope Tilt?” Journal of Medical Ethics 39.5, 2013: 293–5,
DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2013-101402,
http://philpapers.org/rec/VERTGP-2.

CHAPTER 10: Personhood in the Abortion Debate

Also see resources for Chapters 11 and 12 for related readings.

Abortion Facts, Guttmacher Institute,
https://www.guttmacher.org/united-states/abortion?gclid=CM7Du_Dz3M0CFQUmhgodyuwIyg.
Provides data and analyses of current trends in abortion in the US.

AbortionReason.com,
http://www.abortionreason.com/antiabortion-organizations.php?gclid=CL2wvovz3M0CFckehgodanAIuw.
Critics of abortion organization, providing a variety of resources, including a list of anti-abortion sites.

“Abortion,” Society for the Protection of Unborn Children,
https://www.spuc.org.uk/abortion.
Comprehensive abortion-critic website run in the UK, with links to feminist critiques, religious objections, and other resources.

*Boonin, David, A Defense of Abortion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610172,
http://philpapers.org/rec/BOOADO-4.

Center for Reproductive Rights,
http://www.reproductiverights.org/.
Promotes women’s reproductive rights by providing comprehensive information about policies on abortion, contraception, and female genital cutting around the world.

*DeGrazia, David, “On the Moral Status of Infants and the Cognitively Disabled: A Reply to Jaworska and Tannenbaum,” Ethics 124.3, 2014: 543–56,
DOI: 10.1086/675077,
http://philpapers.org/rec/DEGOTM.

English, J., “Abortion and the Concept of a Person,” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 5.2, 1975: 233–43,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/40230568,  
http://philpapers.org/rec/ENGAAT.   

Gillon, Raanan, “To What Do We Have Moral Obligations and Why?” British Medical Journal 290.6483, 1985: 1734–6,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/29519385.

Glantz, H. L., “The Role of Personhood in Treatment Decisions Made by Courts,” Milbank Mem. Fund. Q. Health Soc. 61.1, 1983: 76–100,
DOI: 10.2307/3349817,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3349817.

Gruen, L., “The Moral Status of Animals,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2003/2010, http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-animal/.

Hursthouse, Rosalind, “Virtue Theory and Abortion,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 20.3, 1991: 223–46,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2265432,   
http://philpapers.org/rec/HURVTA.

*Jaworska, Agnieszka and Julie Tannenbaum, “Person-Rearing Relationships as a Key to Higher Moral Status,” Ethics 124.2, 2014: 242–71,
DOI: 10.1086/673431,
http://philpapers.org/rec/JAWPRA.

*Kaczor, Christopher, “Does Personhood Begin at Conception?” in Kaczor 2011, pp. 91–120,
DOI: 10.1086/659362,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/657983,
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/659362.

“Paul Vallely: Better an Abortion than a Mass Grave?” ONTD Political, 6/27/2010,
http://ontd-political.livejournal.com/6514143.html.
Takes issue with relativism about abortion, as expressed for example in Paul Vallely’s article cited below.

Planned Parenthood,
https://www.plannedparenthood.org/.
Provides information about conditions that may affect pregnancy and available procedures for birth control and abortion.

Pro-Choice Action Network,
http://www.prochoiceactionnetwork-canada.org/abortioninfo/history.shtml.
Outlines the legal history of abortion in Canada.

“Texas Judge Orders Removal of Pregnant Marlise Muñoz Life Support,” BBC News, 1/24/2014,
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-25889728.
Outlines the events leading to the Texan court’s decision in the Marlise Moñoz case.

*Tooley, Michael, “Personhood,” in Kuhse and Singer 2012, pp. 129–39,
DOI: 10.1002/9781444307818.ch13.

Vallely, Paul, “Better an Abortion than a Mass Grave?” The Independent, 6/26/2010,
http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/paul-vallely-better-an-abortion-than-a-mass-grave-2011500.html.
Drawing on some archeological discoveries in the UK, describes some changing attitudes about abortion in the West.

World Health Organization, "Preventing Unsafe Abortion,” 2016,
http://www.who.int/entity/mediacentre/factsheets/fs388/en/.
Offers a fact sheet about unsafe abortions worldwide from 2010 to 2014.

Ziegler, Mary, “Where the Pro-Life Movement Goes Next,” The New York Times, 7/2/2016,
http://nyti.ms/29elYfF.
Identifies the current strategy of critics of abortion as one focused on the protection of women’s health, rather than the fetus’s right to life. Also speculates about what critics of abortion would do next after the 2016 US Supreme Court’s decision in Whole Woman’s Health v Hellerstedt.

CHAPTER 11: Abortion in the Typical Case

Also see resources for Chapters 10 and 12 for related readings.

*Boonin, David, A Defense of Abortion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610172,
http://philpapers.org/rec/BOOADO-4.

Haldane, John and Patrick Lee, “Aquinas on Human Ensoulment, Abortion and the Value of Life,” Philosophy 78.304, 2003: 255–78,
DOI: 10.1017/S0031819103000275,
http://philpapers.org/rec/HALAOH.

Jones, Rachel K. and Jenna Jerman, “Abortion Incidence and Service Availability in the United States, 2011,” Guttmacher Organization,
https://www.guttmacher.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/journals/psrh.46e0414.pdf.
Analyses a large body of data on abortion in the US since 2005.

Levitan, Dave, “Does a Fetus Feel Pain at 20 Weeks?” FactCheck.org, 5/18/2015,
http://www.factcheck.org/2015/05/does-a-fetus-feel-pain-at-20-weeks/.
Post investigating the facts behind claims by House Republicans during discussions of the so-called Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act in 2015, a law designed to ban in the US most abortions after week 20.

“New Barna Study Explores Current Views on Abortion,” Research in Culture & Media, 6/14/2010,
https://www.barna.org/barna-update/culture/394-new-barna-study-explores-current-views-on-abortion#.V2WuZ9UrI2w).
Summarizes surveys showing the disagreements between abortion critics and defenders.

*Pope John Paul II, Evangelium Vitae, encyclical letter March 25, 1995, Issues in Law & Medicine 11.4, 1996: 443–55,
http://w2.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_25031995_evangelium-vitae.html.

*Marquis, Don, “Why Abortion Is Immoral,” Journal of Philosophy 86.4, 1989: 183–202,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2026961,
http://philpapers.org/rec/MARWAI.    

*Noonan, J. T., Jr., “An Almost Absolute Value in History,” in The Morality of Abortion: Legal and Historical Perspectives. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970, pp. 51–9,
http://spot.colorado.edu/~heathwoo/Phil160,Fall02/noonan.htm.

“Reproductive Health,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
http://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/data_stats/.
Outlines major facts and statistics about abortion in the US, with links to sources.

Roe v Wade, United States Supreme Court, 1/22/1973, 410 US 113, 93,
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1970-1979/1971/1971_70_18.
Website with link to audios of the oral arguments in Roe v Wade of 10/11/1972 and 12/13/1972.

Sheppard, Kate, “Fetuses Feel Pain at 20 Weeks, and 4 Other Anti-Abortion Myths,” Mother Jones, 6/20/2013,
http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2013/06/science-house-abortion-ban-fetal-pain.
Contends that bad science underlines some factual claims by abortion critics.

*Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter, “You Can’t Lose What You Ain’t Never Had: A Reply to Marquis on Abortion,” Philosophical Studies 96, 1997: 59–72,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4320972,
http://philpapers.org/rec/SINYCL.

Steinbock, Bonnie, “Fetal Sentience and Women's Rights,” Hastings Center Report 41.6, 2011: 49,
DOI: 10.1002/j.1552-146X.2011.tb00158.x,
http://philpapers.org/rec/STEFSA-2.

*Thomson, Judith J., "A Defense of Abortion," Philosophy & Public Affairs 1, 1971: 47–66,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2265091,
http://philpapers.org/rec/THOADO-2.

*Tooley, Michael, "Abortion and Infanticide," Philosophy & Public Affairs 2, 1972: 37–65,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2264919,
http://philpapers.org/rec/TOOAAI.

*Warren, Mary Anne, "On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion," The Monist 57, 1973: 43–61,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27902294,
http://philpapers.org/rec/WAROTM-2.

CHAPTER 12: Abortion in the Hard Cases

Also see resources for Chapters 10 and 11 for related readings.

“Abortion,” Bioethics Briefing Book from Birth to Death and Bench to Clinic,
http://www.thehastingscenter.org/briefingbook/chapter-1/.
A Hastings Center website, designed to bring bioethical issues to the attention of journalists, policymakers, and educators. Chapter 1, on abortion, is written by Bonnie Steinbock.

*Annas, George J., “The Supreme Court and Abortion Rights,” The New England Journal of Medicine 365.21, 2007: 2201–7,
DOI: 10.2307/3561252,
http://philpapers.org/rec/ANNAAT-2.

Asch, Adrienne, “Prenatal Diagnosis and Selective Abortion: A Challenge to Practice and Policy,” American Journal of Public Health 89.11, 1999: 1649–57,
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1508970/pdf/amjph00011-0035.pdf.

*Davis, Alison, “Right to Life of the Handicapped,” Journal of Medical Ethics 9, 1983: 181,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27716190.

Dworkin, R. “Taking Rights Seriously in the Abortion Case,” Ratio Juris 3.1, 1990: 68–90,
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9337.1990.tb00051.x,
http://philpapers.org/rec/DWOTRS-2.

Gonzales v Carhart, Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School,
https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/05-380.ZS.html.
Contains the full text of the hearings leading to the US Supreme Court decision to uphold the Partial Birth Abortion Ban of 2003.

“Hard Cases for Defenders of Abortion,” Lifeissues.net,
http://www.lifeissues.net/writers/may/may_48hardcases.html.
Reproduces an article by William E. May that objects to the abortion-defenders position by invoking intuitions about the wrongness of killing pregnant women and of sex-selective abortions.

“How Some of the World’s Most Restrictive Abortion Laws Turn Women Into Criminals,” Amnesty International,
http://blog.amnestyusa.org/women/how-some-of-the-worlds-most-restrictive-abortion-laws-turn-women-into-criminals/.
Reports on countries whose tough abortion laws make no exception in banning abortion for cases of rape, incest, underage mother, fetal defects, or to save the mother’s life or health.

*Kaczor, Christopher, “Moral Absolutism and Ectopic Pregnancy,” The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 26.1, 2001: 61–74,
DOI: 10.1076/jmep.26.1.61.3037,
http://philpapers.org/rec/KACMAA.

*———, “Is Abortion Permissible in Hard Cases?” in Kaczor 2011, pp. 177–214,
http://samples.sainsburysebooks.co.uk/9781136896811_sample_843867.pdf.

Minkoff, Howard L. and Lynn M. Pattow, “The Rights of ‘Unborn Children’ and the Value of Pregnant Women,” Hastings Center Report 36.2, 2006: 26–8, http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hcr/summary/v036/36.2minkoff.html,
http://philpapers.org/rec/MINTRO.

“Partial Birth Abortion v. Intact Dilation & Extraction,” Agraphia,
http://www.agraphia.net/partial-birth-abortion-v-intact-dilation-extraction/.
Posted in a blog about current medical issues, this article explains the most available procedures for late-term abortion and discusses the US Supreme Court’s decision to uphold the Partial Birth Abortion Ban of 2003. Has some comments by readers.

Powledge, Tabitha M., “Should Down Syndrome Fetuses Be Terminated? Abortion, Richard Dawkins & Morality,” Genetic Literacy Project, 8/26/2014,
https://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/2014/08/26/should-down-syndrome-fetuses-be-terminated-abortion-richard-dawkins-morality/.
Considers the facts and arguments stirred by Richard Dworkins’ comment that women carrying a fetus with Down syndrome are morally obligated to have an abortion. Followed by some readers’ comments.

*Purdy, Laura M., “Are Pregnant Women Fetal Containers?” Bioethics 4.4, 1990: 273–91,
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8519.1990.tb00092.x,
http://philpapers.org/rec/PURAPW.

“Sherri Finkbine’s Abortion: Its Meaning 50 Years Later,” Planned Parenthood Advocates of Arizona, 8/15/2012,
http://blog.advocatesaz.org/2012/08/15/sherri-finkbines-abortion-its-meaning-50-years-later/
Retrospective consideration of the Sherri Finkbine’s story from the perspective of abortion defenders.

Steinbock, Bonnie, “Fetal Sentience and Women's Rights,” Hastings Center Report 41.6, 2011: 49,
DOI: 10.1002/j.1552-146X.2011.tb00158.x,
http://philpapers.org/rec/STEFSA-2.

*———, “Sex Selection: Not Obviously Wrong,” Hastings Center Report 32.1, 2002: 23–8,
DOI: 10.2307/3528293,
http://philpapers.org/rec/STESSN-2.

“Stenberg v. Carhart (2000),” The Supreme Court, PBS,
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/future/landmark_stenberg.html.
Alex McBride comments on the Supreme Court decision declaring Nebraska’s ban on late term abortions unconstitutional—a decision soon reversed in Gonzales v Carhart.

“U.S. Code § 1531—Partial-birth abortions prohibited,” Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School,
https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/1531.
Offers the full text of the US Partial Birth Abortion Ban of 2003.

Watts, Jonathan, “Zika Epidemic Restrictions Promote ‘Violence against Women’ Warns Report,” The Guardian, 3/7/2016,
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/07/zika-epidemic-reproductive-rights-women-latin-america-amnesty-international?CMP=Share_AndroidApp_Gmail.
Commentary on an Amnesty International report arguing that, with the spread of the Zika virus, the stern ban on abortion in most Latin American countries amounts to violence against women.

CHAPTER 13: Conflicts of Rights at Life's Beginning

“Abortion, Conscience, and Doctors,” Public Discourse, The Witherspoon Institute,
http://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2010/10/1922/.
Reproduces a version of one of Christopher Kaczor’s talks defending his position on conscientious objection to abortion.  

*American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, “The Limits of Conscientious Refusal in Reproductive Medicine,” Committee on Ethics 385, 2007, accessed 2/18/2015,
http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Ethics/The-Limits-of-Conscientious-Refusal-in-Reproductive-Medicine.
Argues that conscientious objection to reproductive treatments to which patients are lawfully entitled, when genuine, create in the objector the duty to practice near professionals who provide them, or make referrals, and even dispense them in emergency situations.

*Annas, George J. , “Medical Judgment in Court and in Congress: Abortion, Refusing Treatment, and Drug Regulation,” Human Rights 34.4, 2007: 2–23,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/24236144.

———, “Pregnant Women as Fetal Containers,” Hastings Center Report 16.6, 1986: 13–4,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3562083,
http://philpapers.org/rec/ANNPWA.

Baruch Brody, “Abortion and the Law,” The Journal of Philosophy 68.12, 1971: 357–69,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2024917,
http://philpapers.org/rec/BROAAT.

*Capron, Alexander, “Punishing Mothers,” Hastings Center Report 28.1, 1998: 31–3,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3527972,
http://philpapers.org/rec/CAPPM.

“Conscience Clauses, Health Care Providers, and Parents,” Bioethics Briefing Book from Birth to Death and Bench to Clinic,
http://www.thehastingscenter.org/briefingbook/chapter-8-conscience-clauses-health-care-providers-and-parents/.
A Hastings Center website designed to bring bioethical issues to the attention of journalists, policymakers, and educators. Chapter 8, on conscientious objection in health care, is written by Nancy Berlinger.

*Dadlez, E. M. and W. L. Andrews, “Federally Funded Elective Abortion: They Can Run, but They Can’t Hyde,” International Journal of Applied Philosophy 2, 2010: 168–84,
DOI: 10.5840/ijap201024216,
http://philpapers.org/rec/ANDFFE.

Dworkin, Ronald, “The Court & Abortion: Worse Than You Think,” The New York Review of Books, 5/31/2007,
http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2007/05/31/the-court-abortion-worse-than-you-think/.

*“Gonzalez v Carhart,” OYEZ: Chicago-Kent College of Law at Illinois Tech., 3/30/2016, http://www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2006/2006_05_380.
Summarizes the facts of this landmark decision and features audio links to two of the Supreme Court’s deliberations on the constitutionality of Congress’s Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003.

*Hewson, Barbara, “Reproductive Autonomy and the Ethics of Abortion,” Journal of Medical Ethics 27, Supp., 2001: ii10–ii14,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27718779,
http://philpapers.org/rec/HEWRAA.

Lee, Michelle Ye Hee, “Does Obamacare Provide Federal Subsidies for Elective Abortions?” The Washington Post, 1/26/2015,
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/01/26/does-obamacare-provide-federal-subsidies-for-elective-abortions/.
Analyses of Obamacare’s provision for public funding of abortion, which allows for federal funding of abortion only in pregnancies caused by rape or incest, or that endanger the mother’s life.

*Minkoff, Howard and Lynn M. Pattow, “The Rights of ‘Unborn Children’ and the Value of Pregnant Women,” Hastings Center Report 36.2, 2006: 26–8,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3528399,
http://philpapers.org/rec/MINTRO.

“Public Funding for Abortion,” American Civil Liberties Union,
https://www.aclu.org/public-funding-abortion.
Provides a map of current restrictions on public funding for abortion in the US, with some discussion of the Hyde Amendment.

Redden, Molly, “Planned Parenthood: Eight States Now Striving to Repeal Abortion Restrictions,” The Guardian, 6/30/2016,
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jun/30/planned-parenthood-state-repeal-abortion-restrictions?CMP=share_btn_link.
Updates on abortion rights in the US after the 2016 Supreme Court decision to repeal the states’ restrictions to abortion that conflict with Roe v Wade.

*Robertson, J. and J. Schulman, “Pregnancy and Prenatal Harm to Offspring: The Case for Mothers with PKU,” Hastings Center Report 17.4, 1987: 23–32, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3563180,
http://philpapers.org/rec/ROBPAP-9.

Steinbock, Bonnie, Don Marquis, and Sahar Kayata, “Preterm Labor and Prenatal Harm,” Hastings Center Report 19.2, 1989: 32–5,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3563137.

*Wicclair, Mark R., Conscientious Objection in Health Care: An Ethical Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011,
http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/philosophy/ethics/conscientious-objection-health-care-ethical-analysis?format=AR.

CHAPTER 14: New Reproductive Technologies

Allen, Reniqua, “Is Egg Freezing Only for White Women?” The New York Times, 5/21/2016,
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/22/opinion/is-egg-freezing-only-for-white-women.html?emc=eta1&_r=1.
Raises concerns about the availability of new reproductive technologies for minority women.

American Medical Association, “Assisted Reproduction for Postmenopausal Women,”
http://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/2014/01/ecas1-1401.html.
Good summary of arguments for and against the moral permissibility of postmenopausal pregnancies.

———, “Ethical Conduct in Assisted Reproductive Technology,” Opinion 2.055,
http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-ethics/code-medical-ethics/opinion2055.page?.
Outlines four ethical standards to be followed by health care providers who offer procedures counting as assisted reproductive technologies.

*Anderson, Elizabeth, “Is Women’s Labor a Commodity?” Philosophy & Public Affairs 19.1, 1990: 71–92,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2265363,
http://philpapers.org/rec/ANDIWL.

*Cohen, Cynthia, “Give Me Children or I Shall Die!” Hastings Center Report 26.2, 1996: 19–27,
DOI: 10.2307/3528572,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3528572,
http://philpapers.org/rec/COHGMC.

*Cohen, Jessica, “Grade A: The Market for a Yale Woman’s Eggs,” The Atlantic 290.5, 2002: 74–7,
http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2002/12/grade-a-the-market-for-a-yale-woman-s-eggs/302635/.

*Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Vatican, Donum Vitate, 1987,
http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19870222_respect-for-human-life_en.html.

The Embryo Project Encyclopedia, “In Vitro Fertilization,” Arizona State University, Board of Regents, 2015,
https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/vitro-fertilization.
Comprehensive historical and factual account of IVF and other new reproductive technologies.

Enhancement Technologies Group,
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucbtdag/bioethics/index.html.
Funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and coordinated by Carl Elliott, this international blog has useful links to literature on human genetic engineering and related websites.

Ethics Bites, “The Right to Have Babies,” 2008,
http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/culture/philosophy/the-right-have-babies?in_menu=12529.
Podcast featuring Baroness Mary Warnock on issues concerning the moral permissibility of IVF and other new reproductive technologies.

*Haas, John M., “Begotten Not Made: A Catholic View of Reproductive Technology,” US Conference of Catholic Bishops, 1998,
http://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/human-life-and-dignity/reproductive-technology/begotten-not-made-a-catholic-view-of-reproductive-technology.cfm.

House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, “Human Reproductive Technologies and the Law,” Fifth Report, 2004–5,
http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmsctech/7/7i.pdf.
Comprehensive report of current legal regulations for assisted reproductive technologies in the UK.

King, David, “Genetic Crossroads,” Center for Genetics and Society, 1/26/2007,
http://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=3114.
Outlines important legal changes to new reproductive technologies in the UK, particularly to those relying on genetics.

*Lizza, John P., “Potentiality and Human Embryos,” Bioethics 21.7, 2007: 379–85,
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8519.2007.00572.x,
http://philpapers.org/rec/LIZPAH.

*May, William E., “Begetting vs. Making Babies,” in Lund-Molfese, N. C. and M. L. Kelly, eds., Human Dignity and Reproductive Technology. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 2003, pp. 81–92,
http://www.christendom-awake.org/pages/may/begetting.htm.

*McMahan, Jeff, “Killing Embryos for Stem Cell Research,” Metaphilosophy 38.2–3, 2007: 170–89,
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9973.2007.00488.x,
http://philpapers.org/rec/MCMKEF.

*Minkoff, H. and J. Ecker, “The California Octuplets and the Duties of Reproductive Endocrinologists,” American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 201.1, 2009: 15e1–15e3,
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.04.053.

Mrozsept, Jacqueline, “One Sperm Donor, 150 Offspring,” The New York Times, 9/5/2011,
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/06/health/06donor.html?_r=1.
Raises questions about the extended genetic relationships made possible by sperm banks.

*Murray, Thomas H., “What Are Families For? Getting to an Ethics of Reproductive Technology,” Hastings Center Report 32.3, 2002: 41–5,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3528113,
http://philpapers.org/rec/MURWAF.

The New York State Task Force on Life and the Law, “Ethical Debates about Infertility and Its Treatment,” in Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Analyses and Recommendations for Public Policy, Apr. 1998, Chapter 3, pp. 95–104,
https://www.health.ny.gov/regulations/task_force/reports_publications/execsum.htm.
Reprinted in DeGrazia, et al. (2011: 553–9), this site describes new reproductive technologies offered in the state of New York and issues recommendations for their use.

*Parks, Jennifer, “On the Use of IVF by Post-Menopausal Women,” Hypatia 14.1, 1999: 77–96,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3810624,
http://philpapers.org/rec/PAROTU.

*President’s Council on Bioethics, Reproduction and Responsibility: The Regulation of New Biotechnologies, Washington, DC, March 2004,
https://bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu/pcbe/reports/reproductionandresponsibility/.

*Raymond, Janice, “Reproductive Technologies, Radical Feminism, and Socialist Liberalism,” Journal of Reproductive and Genetic Engineering 2.2, 1989: 133–42,
http://www.finrrage.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Repro_Technologies_Radical_Feminism_and_Socialist_Liberalism.pdf.

*Robertson, John A., Children of Choice: Freedom and the New Reproductive Technologies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994,
https://books.google.com/books?id=YxGONrvqMgsC,
http://bit.ly/2fgthDT.

Sherwin, S., “Feminist Ethics and In Vitro Fertilization,” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 17, Supp. 1, 1987: 264–84,
DOI: 10.1080/00455091.1987.10715938,
http://philpapers.org/rec/SHEFEA-4.

*Singer, Peter and Dianne Wells, “In Vitro Fertilisation: The Major Issues,” Journal of Medical Ethics 9.4, 1983: 192–5,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27716198,
http://philpapers.org/s/In%20Vitro%20Fertilisation%3A%20The%20Major%20Issues.

Steinbock, B. and R. McClamrock, “When Is Birth Unfair to the Child?” Hastings Center Report 24.6, 1994: 15–21,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3563460,
http://philpapers.org/rec/STEWIB-2.

Thernstrom, Melanie, “Meet the Twiblings,” The New York Times, 12/29/2010,
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/02/magazine/02babymaking-t.html?_r=1.
Tells the story of an infertile couple who hired two surrogates to have “twibling”—i.e., babies developing out of IVF embryos simultaneously transferred to the surrogates’ uteruses.

*Warren, Mary Anne, “IVF and Women’s Interests: An Analysis of Feminist Concerns,” Bioethics 2.1, 1988: 37–57,
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8519.1988.tb00034.x,
http://philpapers.org/rec/WARIAW.

CHAPTER 15: Human Genetic Engineering

Aspen Ideas Festival, “Is Modern Eugenics Wrong? Part 1 of 6,” 2009,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kRp_FjMjs2k.
Panel discussion of the morality of reprogenetics with Michael Sandel, Willam Haseltine, and Elliot Gerson (moderator).

*Brock, Dan W., “Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of the Ethical Issues Pro and Con,” Testimony to the National Bioethics Advisory Commission, 1997,
https://bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu/nbac/pubs/cloning2/cc5.pdf.

CBATEG-UAB, “Gene Therapy, a New Tool to Cure Human Diseases,” 2011,
http://www.clinigene.eu/video-intro-gene-therapy.html.
Offers scientific data about clinical gene transfer and therapy.

Center for Genetics and Society, “PGD Frequently Asked Questions,” 2010,
http://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=452.
Good source of factual information about PGD and other interventions of reprogenetics.

*Chadwick, Ruth F., “Cloning,” Philosophy 57.220, 1982: 201–9,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4619559,
http://philpapers.org/rec/CHACRF.

Colombia University Center for Bioethics, “Stem Cells: Biology, Bioethics, and Applications,”
http://stemcellbioethics.wikischolars.columbia.edu/.
Informative site with links to the Hwang cloning scandal, ethical issues in egg donation, and other topics relevant to Chapter 15.

*Comstock, Gary, “Are the Policy Implications the Precautionary Principle Coherent?” Agbioworld, 2000,
www.agbioworld.org/newsletter_wm/index.php?caseid=archive&newsid=134.

*Davis, Dena S., “Genetic Dilemmas and the Child’s Right to an Open Future,” Hastings Center Report 27.2, 1997: 7–15,
DOI: 10.2307/3527620,
http://philpapers.org/rec/DAVGDA.

*Elsner, Daniel, “Just Another Reproductive Technology? The Ethics of Human Reproductive Cloning as an Experimental Medical Procedure,” Journal of Medical Ethics 32.10, 2006: 596–600,
DOI: 10.1136/jme.2005.013748,
http://philpapers.org/rec/DELJAR.

Ethics Bites, “Sport and Genetic Enhancement,” 2009,
http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/culture/philosophy/sport-and-genetic-enhancement?in_menu=12529.
Podcast featuring Michael Sandel presenting his arguments against designer babies and other forms of genetic enhancement.

Gallagher, James, “Rules for Babies 'from Three People,'” BBC News, 12/17/2014,
http://www.bbc.com/news/health-30513700.
Outlines the UK rules for creating embryos out of three people in order to avoid passing mitochondrial diseases to offspring.

Harvard University, “Galton’s Children,” Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, 2015,
http://collections.countway.harvard.edu/onview/exhibits/show/galtonschildren/eugenics-legislation.
Comprehensive, historical survey of the early eugenics movement in the US, composed as part of the Library’s exhibition “Galton’s Children: The Rise and Fall of the Eugenics Movement.”

Inbar, Michael, “Born to Save Sister’s Life, She’s ‘Glad I Am in This Family,’” Today, 6/3/2011,
http://www.today.com/id/43265160/ns/today-today_news/t/born-save-sisters-life-shes-glad-i-am-family/#.V2rciqMo6wp.
An insight on the Ayala savior-sibling case featuring the opinion of the savior sibling.

*Kamm, Francis M. “Is There a Problem with Enhancement?” The American Journal of Bioethics 5.3, 2005: 5–14,  
DOI: 10.1080/15265160590945101,
http://philpapers.org/rec/KAMITA.

*Kass, Leon R., “The Wisdom of Repugnance,” The New Republic 2, June 1997: 17–26,
http://web.stanford.edu/~mvr2j/sfsu09/extra/Kass2.pdf.

Medical Discoveries, “Genetic Engineering,” 2016,
http://www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/Enz-Ho/Genetic-Engineering.html.
Summarizes cloning techniques and other applications of genetic engineering.

Murray, Thomas H., "Even if It Worked, Cloning Wouldn't Bring Her Back," The Washington Post, 4/8/2001, http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2001_Groups/Therapeutic_Cloning/personals/personals.html.

NIH National Human Genome Research Institute, "Cloning," 2015,
https://www.genome.gov/25020028/#al-6.
Introduction to available techniques for reproductive cloning of nonhuman animals, with some discussion of human reproductive cloning.

Nuffield Council on Bioethics,
http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/.
Website with discussions of ethical issues in emerging biotechnologies.

*Parens, Erik and Adrienne Asch, “The Disability Rights Critique of Prenatal Genetic Testing: Reflections and Recommendations,” Special Supplement, Hastings Center Report 29.5, 1999: S1–S22,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3527746,
http://philpapers.org/rec/PARSST-4.

Retro Report, “Dolly the Sheep: A Controversial Clone,” The New York Times, 10/14/2016,
http://www.nytimes.com/video/us/100000002496111/dolly-the-sheep.html.
Excellent retrospective of the issues at stake in the controversial birth of the first mammal cloned from an adult cell.

*Roberts, M. A., "The Nonidentity Problem," The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward N. Zalta, ed., 2015, accessed 2/5/2015, http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2015/entries/nonidentity-problem/.

*Robertson, John A., “Preconception Gender Selection,” American Journal of Bioethics 1.1, 2001: 2–9,
DOI: 10.1162/152651601300048143,
http://philpapers.org/rec/ROBPGS.

*———, “Extending Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: Medical and Non-Medical Uses,” Journal of Medical Ethics 29.4, 2003: 213–6, Database: JSTOR Journals,
DOI: 10.1136/jme.29.4.213,
http://philpapers.org/rec/JAREPG.

*Robertson, John A., Jeffrey P. Kahn, and John E. Wagner, “Conception to Obtain Hematopoietic Stem Cells,” Hasting Center Report 32.3, 2002: 34–40,  
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2307/3528112/abstract,
http://philpapers.org/rec/ROBCTO.

*Sandel, Michael J., “The Case against Perfection: What’s Wrong with Designer Children, Bionic Athletes, and Genetic Engineering,” The Atlantic Monthly 293.3, 2004: 51–62,
http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2004/04/the-case-against-perfection/302927/.

*Savulescu, Julian, “Deaf Lesbians, ‘Designer Disability,’ and the Future of Medicine,” British Medical Journal 325, 2002: 771–3,
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1124279/.

*———, “Procreative Beneficence: Why We Should Select the Best Children,” Bioethics 15.5–6, 2001: 413–26,
DOI: 10.1111/1467-8519.00251,
http://philpapers.org/rec/SAVPBW,

“Savulescu: Many Performance Enhancing Drugs Are Legal,” BBC News, 11/25/2013,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-25090630.
By contrast with Michael Sandel (see Ethics Bites above), Julian Savulescu argues for the moral permissibility of enhancements in sport.

Teather, David, “Lesbian Couple Have Deaf Baby by Choice,” The Guardian, 4/7/2002,
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/apr/08/davidteather.
Outlines some criticisms faced by Sharon Duchesneau and Candy McCullough after it became public that they were seeking conception of a deaf baby.

CHAPTER 16: Biomedical Research on Animals

Allen, Colin, “Animal Consciousness,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward Zalta, ed., 1995/2015,
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-animal/.

*Brennan, Andrew, “Humanism, Racism and Speciesism,” Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture & Ecology 7.3, 2003: 274–302,
DOI: 10.1163/156853503322709146.

*Cohen, Carl, “The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research,” New England Journal of Medicine 315, 1986: 865–70,
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM198610023151405,
http://philpapers.org/rec/COHTCF.

Davis, Nicola and Kevin Rawlinson, “Scientists Attempting to Harvest Human Organs in Pigs Create Human-Pig Embryo,” The Guardian, 6/6/2016,
http://gu.com/p/4kegv/sbl.
Reports on one of the several recent attempts to produce chimeras as an organ source.

*De Waal, Frans, “Moral Behavior in Animals,” TED Talk, 2011,
http://www.ted.com/talks/frans_de_waal_do_animals_have_morals?language=en.
Presents experiments arguing that some higher animals do have rudimentary morality.

Ethics Bites, “Human Use of Animals,”2008,
http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/culture/philosophy/human-use-animals?in_menu=12529.
Podcast featuring Peter Singer defending his view about animal moral standing.

Frey, R. G., “Vivisection, Morals and Medicine,” Journal of Medical Ethics 9.2, 1983: 94–7,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27716153,
http://philpapers.org/rec/FREVMA.

*Gruen, Lori, “The Moral Status of Animals,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward Zalta, ed., 2003/2010,
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-animal/.

*Harrison, Peter, “Do Animals Feel Pain?” Philosophy 66.255, 1991: 25–40,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3751139,
http://philpapers.org/rec/HARDAF.

*Hettinger, Edwin C., “The Responsible Use of Animals in Biomedical Research,” in Between the Species 5.3, 1989: 123–31,
http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1516&context=bts,
http://philpapers.org/rec/HETTRU.

*Kant, Immanuel, “Duties towards Animals and Spirits,” in Lectures on Ethics. New York: Harper & Row, 1963 [1775–80], pp. 239–41,
https://www.uta.edu/philosophy/faculty/burgess-jackson/Duties%20Towards%20Animals%20and%20Spirits%20(1930,%201963).pdf.

Lough, Richard, “Captive Orangutan Has Human Right to Freedom, Argentine Court Rules,” Reuters, 12/21/2014,
http://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-orangutan-idUSKBN0JZ0Q620141221.
As a result of a habeas corpus filed on behalf of Sandra, a 29-year-old orangutan held captive at Buenos Aires zoo, the court ruled she is a “non-human person” unlawfully deprived of freedom.

Lurz, Robert, “Animal Minds,” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, James Fieser, ed.,
http://www.iep.utm.edu/ani-mind/.

Miller, Stuart, “Free Candy: Louisiana Chimpanzee Is Center of Landmark Lawsuit,” The Guardian, 4/4/2016,
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/04/candy-chimpanzee-louisiana-endangered-species-animal-welfare-zoo?CMP=share_btn_link.
Reports on the first US federal lawsuit filed to place captive chimpanzees under the Endangered Species Act.

*Montaigne, Michel de, “Of Cruelty,” Essays of Michel de Montaigne, Vol. 4, 1580,
http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/1745.

Nonhuman Rights Project,
http://www.nonhumanrights.org/what-we-stand-for/?gclid=CJj02qvh7cgCFRApaQodzXMJ4w#.
Website of a US organization seeking to obtain legal rights for some nonhumans. Has a link to Stephen Wise’s presentation in a Ted Talk on the legal rights of some apes.

Norcross, Alastair, “Torturing Puppies and Eating Meat,” Southwest Philosophy Review 20.1, 2004: 117–23,
DOI: 10.5840/swphilreview200420112,
http://philpapers.org/rec/NORTPA-3.

*O’Neill, Onora and Allen W. Wood, “Kant on Duties Regarding Nonrational Nature,” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 72, Supp. 1, 1998: 211–28,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/4107017,
http://philpapers.org/rec/WOOKOD.

*Orlans, F. Barbara, In the Name of Science: Issues in Responsible Animal Experimentation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993,
https://books.google.com/books/about/In_the_Name_of_Science_Issues_in_Respons.html?id=M_7oK_nebm4C.

Paton, Sir William, “Vivisection, Morals and Medicine: Commentary from a Vivisecting Professor of Pharmacology,” Journal of Medical Ethics 9.2, 1983: 102–4,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27716155,
http://philpapers.org/rec/PATVMM.

Philosophy Bites, “Shelly Kagan on Speciesism,” 2015,
http://philosophybites.com/2015/08/shelly-kagan-on-speciesism.html.
Podcast featuring philosopher Shelly Kagan, who takes issue with Singer’s view on speciesism.

Rachels, James, Created from Animals. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990,
http://www.jamesrachels.org/CFA.htm,
http://philpapers.org/rec/RACCFA.

Regan, Tom, “Utilitarianism, Vegetarianism, and Animal Rights,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 9.4, 1980: 305–24,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2265001,
http://philpapers.org/rec/REGUVA.

Reinhold, Robert, “Fate Of Monkeys, Deformed for Science, Causes Human Hurt after 6 Years,” The New York Times, 5/23/1987,
http://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/23/us/fate-of-monkeys-deformed-for-science-causes-human-hurt-after-6-years.html?pagewanted=all.
Offers an update on the fate of fourteen monkeys disabled during Dr. Taub’s Silver Spring experiments, addressing the debate stirred by the National Institutes of Health’s decision to put to death eight of them.

*Singer, Peter, “Animal Liberation at 30,” New York Review of Books 50.8, 5/15/2003: 23–6,
http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2003/05/15/animal-liberation-at-30/,
http://philpapers.org/rec/SINALA-2.

———, The Animal Liberation Movement: Its Philosophy, Its Achievements, and Its Future. Nottingham, England: Old Hammond Press, 1985,
https://nwveg.org/files/Singer_The_Animal_Liberation_Movement.pdf.

*———, “Speciesism and Moral Status,” Metaphilosophy 40.3/4, 2009: 567–81,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/24439802,
http://philpapers.org/rec/SINSAM.

Sprigge, T. L., “Vivisection, Morals and Medicine: Commentary from an Anti-vivisectionist Philosopher,” Journal of Medical Ethics 9.2, 1983: 98–101,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27716154,  
http://philpapers.org/rec/SPRVMM.

TomRegan, 2016,
http://tomregan.info/.
Tom Regan’s website. Features early and current videos about his activism within the animal-rights movement.

Understanding Animal Research,
http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/why/why-overview/.
Anti-abolitionist site focused on the benefits of scientific research using animal subjects.

“Unnecessary Fuss,” 1984,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MbqYLOJBdI.
Produced by Ingrid Newkirk and Alex Pacheco of the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), this film shows footage recorded by Dr. Gennarelli’s team of their head-injury experiments’ on baboons.

Walsh, Fergus, “Why Oxford Scientists Are Experimenting on Monkeys,” BBC News, 1/28/2014,
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-25888372.
An update on trials concerning animals in the UK, featuring researchers who invoke the Benefits Argument. Contains some videos and interviews.

Williams, Bernard, “The Human Prejudice,” part 7 of 8,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoMD7Kpgh2Q.
Features Bernard Williams reading his paper on the human prejudice, where he rejects Peter Singer’s opposition to speciesism.

Wilson, Scott, “Animals and Ethics,” Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, James Fieser, ed.,
http://www.iep.utm.edu/anim-eth/#SH1c.

CHAPTER 17: Biomedical Research on Humans

*Angell, Marcia, “The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World,” New England Journal of Medicine 337.12: 847–9,
http://depts.washington.edu/sphnet/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Angell.pdf.

Baillon, Jeff, “Investigators: U of M Drug Study Criticism Grows,” Fox 9, 5/19/2014,
http://www.fox9.com/health/1647039-story.
Contains information related to the Dan Markingson case.

Belsky, L. and H. S. Richardson, “Medical Researchers’ Ancillary Clinical Care Responsibilities,” British Medical Journal 328, 2004: 1494–6,
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC428526/.

*Brody, B., “Ethical Issues in Clinical Trials in Developing Countries,” Statistics in Medicine 21.19, 2002: 2853–8,
DOI: 10.1002/sim.1289.

Carroll, Aaron E., “Did the Infamous Tuskegee Study Cause Lasting Mistrust of Doctors among Blacks?” The New York Times, 6/17/2016,
http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/18/upshot/long-term-mistrust-from-tuskegee-experiment-a-study-seems-to-overstate-the-case.html?_r=0.

Case Program, “The Debate over Clinical Trials of AZT to Prevent Mother-to-Infant Transmission of HIV in Developing Nations,” Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government, 1999,
https://www.hks.harvard.edu/case/azt/ethics/home.html.
Excellent source for facts and ethical issues about the AZT trials in Sub-Saharan Africa, with links to other materials.

*Crasnow, Sharon, Alison Wylie, Wenda K. Bauchspies, and Elizabeth Potter, “Selective Appropriation,” in “Feminist Perspectives on Science,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward Zalta, ed., 2009/2015,
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminist-science/.

Dreaper, Jane, “Concern at Outsourced Clinical Trials in Developing World,” BBC News, 11/28/2012,
http://www.bbc.com/news/health-20468396.
Raises justice and beneficence concerns about outsourced clinical trials of drugs in the developing world.

*Elliot, Carl, “The Deadly Corruption of Clinical Trials,” Mother Jones, Oct. 2010,
http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2010/09/dan-markingson-drug-trial-astrazeneca.

———, “Mad in America: Science, Psychiatry and Community,” 2016,
http://www.madinamerica.com/author/celliott/.
Carl Elliott’s blog with links to his articles on the Dan Markingson case and other ethical issues in psychiatric research.

*———, “University of Minnesota Blasted for Deadly Clinical Trial,” Mother Jones, Apr. 2015, http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2015/04/dan-markingson-university-minnesota-clinical-trials-astrazeneca.
Clear presentation of the ethical lapses in the clinical trial leading to the death of Dan Markingson.

“Gene Therapy Treatment for Cystic Fibrosis Patients,” BBC News, 7/3/2015,
http://www.bbc.com/news/health-33376401.
Video on the promise of gene-therapy research for patients with cystic fibrosis.

*Glantz, L. H., G. J. Annas, M. A. Grodin, and W. K. Mariner, “Research in Developing Countries: Taking ‘Benefit’ Seriously,” Hastings Center Report 28.6, 1998: 38–42,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3528268,
http://philpapers.org/rec/GLARID.

*Hellman, Samuel and Deborah S. Hellman, “Of Mice but Not Men: Problems of the Randomized Clinical Trial,” New England Journal of Medicine 324.22, 1991:1585–9,
http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2071&context=fac_pubs.

*Jonas, Hans, “Philosophical Reflections on Experimenting with Human Subjects,” Daedalus 98.2, 1969: 219–47,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/20023877.

*Kolehmainen, Sophia M., “The Dangerous Promise of Gene Therapy,” Actionbioscience, 2000,
http://www.actionbioscience.org/biotechnology/kolehmainen.html.

*Marquis, Don, “How to Resolve an Ethical Dilemma Concerning Randomized Clinical Trials,” New England Journal of Medicine 341.9, 1999: 691–4,
https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/16896/MarquisD_NEJM_341(9)691.pdf?sequence=1,
http://philpapers.org/rec/MARHTR-3.

*National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, “Belmont Report: Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research,”1979,
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/belmont.html#xjust.

 *“Nuremberg Code,” 1947,
https://history.nih.gov/research/downloads/nuremberg.pdf.

Rebecca Skloot, Journalist, Teacher, Author of The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, 2010/2016,
http://rebeccaskloot.com/the-immortal-life/teaching/.
Contains articles, news items, and other information relevant to the Henrietta Lacks case.

*Reverby, Susan M., “Ethical Failures and History Lessons: The U.S. Public Health Service Research Studies in Tuskegee and Guatemala,” Public Health Reviews 34.1, 2012: 1–18,
http://www.wellesley.edu/sites/default/files/assets/reverby_phr-1.pdf.

Stobbe, Mike, “Ugly Past of US Human Experiments Uncovered,” NBC NEWS, 2/27/2011,
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/41811750/ns/health-health_care/t/ugly-past-us-human-experiments-uncovered/#.Vu6bDnpi-S9.
A very readable outline of abuses of human subjects by US biomedical researchers.

Tyson, Peter, “The Experiments,” NOVA, 2000,
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/holocaust/experiside.html.
Outlines the major facts and ethical flaws of Nazi doctors’ experimentation on human subjects.

*Wendler, David, “The Ethics of Clinical Research,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward Zalta, ed., 2009/12,
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/clinical-research/.

“When Drugs Are Tested on Humans,” BBC News, 11/1/2012,
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-20163230.
Video denouncing the exploitation of human subjects in pharmaceutical trials that international companies have outsourced to India.

*World Medical Association, “Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects,”1964, last revised 2013,
http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/b3/.

Zimmer, Carl, “A Sharp Rise in Retractions Prompts Calls for Reform,” The New York Times, 4/16/2012,
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/17/science/rise-in-scientific-journal-retractions-prompts-calls-for-reform.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all.
Outlines some ethical lapses facing scientific investigators, especially those in biomedical research.

CHAPTER 18: Justice in Healthcare

Affordable Care Act—HHS, 2015,
http://www.hhs.gov/healthcare/about-the-law/read-the-law/.
Government site with links to facts about the Affordable Care Act and the full text of the law.

*Arras, John D., "The Right to Health Care," in J. D., Arras, E. Fenton, and R. Kukla, Routledge Companion to Bioethics. New York: Routledge, 2015, pp. 3–15,
http://www.torrentandebook.com/ebooks/97942-the-routledge-companion-to-bioethics.html.

Bakalar, Nicholas, “Unequal Pain Relief in the Emergency Room,” The New York Times, 9/30/2013,
http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/30/unequal-pain-relief-in-the-emergency-room/.
Presents some evidence of disparities in the ER between white and minority children.

*Buchanan, Allen E., "The Right to a Decent Minimum of Health Care," Philosophy & Public Affairs 13.1, 1984: 55–78,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2265199,
http://philpapers.org/rec/BUCTRT.

*Cappelen, Alexander W. and Norheim, Ole Frithjof, "Responsibility in Health Care: A Liberal Egalitarian Approach," Journal of Medical Ethics 31.8, 2005: 476–80,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27719457,
http://philpapers.org/rec/AWCRIH.

Childress, James F., "Putting Patients First in Organ Allocation: An Ethical Analysis of the U.S. Debate," Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 10.4, 2001: 365–76,
DOI: 10.1017/S0963180101004054,
http://philpapers.org/rec/JAMPPF.

*Cohen, Carl, Martin Benjamin, and the Ethics and Social Impact Committee of the Transplant and Health Policy Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, "Alcoholics and Liver Transplantation," JAMA 265, 1991: 1299 1301,
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=385292.

Court of Appeal, Report on Shortland v Northland Health, New Zealand, 1997,
https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/from/judicial-reports/documents/CourtofAppealReport1997.PDF.
Elaborates on the court of appeal’s reasons for ruling in favor of Northland Health in the case brought by the Williams family.

*Daniels, Norman, “Fair Equality of Opportunity and Decent Minimums: A Reply to Buchanan,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 14.1, 1985: 106–10,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2265240,
http://philpapers.org/rec/DANFEO.

*———, “Health-Care Needs and Distributive Justice,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 10.2, 1981: 146–79,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2264976,
http://philpapers.org/rec/DANHNA.

*———, "Justice and Access to Health Care," Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Edward Zalta, ed., 2008/2013,
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice-healthcareaccess/.

*Deber, Raisa, "Health Care Reform: Lessons from Canada," American Journal of Public Health 93.1, 2003: 20–4,
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447685/.

DeGrazia, David, "Single Payer Meets Managed Competition: The Case for Public Funding and Private Delivery," Hastings Center Report 38.1, 2008: 23–33,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/25165289,
http://philpapers.org/rec/DEGSPM.

Emanuel, Ezekiel J., Opinionator, The New York Times,
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/author/ezekiel-j-emanuel/.
Features all posts on health and health care policy published by Emanuel in The New York Times’s opinion pages.

Emanuel, Ezequiel J., "The Problem with Single-Payer Plans," Hastings Center Report 38.1, 2008: 38–41,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/25165292,
http://philpapers.org/rec/EMATPW.

*Engelhardt, H. Tristram Jr., “Fair Equality of Opportunity Critically Reexamined: The Family and the Sustainability of Health Care Systems,” Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 37.6, 2012: 583–602,
DOI:10.1093/jmp/jhs044,
http://philpapers.org/rec/ENGFE.

Ethics Bites, “Organ Transplants,” 2008,
http://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/culture/philosophy/organ-transplants?in_menu=12529.
Podcast featuring Janet Radcliffe Richards on the issue of the moral permissibility of organ sales and related issues of global justice.

*Harris, John, "Qalyfying the Value of Life,” Journal of Medical Ethics 13.3, 1987: 117–23,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27716594,
http://philpapers.org/rec/HARQTV.

*Hope, Tony, "Rationing and Life-Saving Treatments: Should Identifiable Patients Have Higher Priorities?" Journal of Medical Ethics 27.3, 2001: 179–85,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27718702,
http://philpapers.org/rec/THORAL.

Kennedy Institute of Ethics, “Celebrity Transplants and Squeaky Wheels,” High School Bioethics Curriculum Project, 1990–2002,
https://highschoolbioethics.georgetown.edu/units/cases/unit2_3.html.
Summarizes some cases where the social worth of the organ recipient appears to have played a role in a transplantation decision. Contains useful references to articles and news items.

KhanAcademy, “Health Care Costs in US vs Europe,”
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/health-care-system/v/health-care-costs-in-us-vs-europe.
Podcast exploring the differences in health care expenses between the US and Europe.

———, “Healthcare System Overview,”
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/health-care-system/v/healthcare-system-overview.
Podcast providing an overview of a health care system and featuring an expert from Stanford medical school.

Kolata, Gina, “The ABC’s of the Health Care Law and Its Future,” The New York Times, 4/2/ 2012,
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/03/health/policy/the-abcs-of-the-health-care-law-and-its-future.html.
Outlines the main changes introduced in the US by the Affordable Care Act.

*Macklin, Ruth, “Global Inequalities in Women’s Health: Who Is Responsible for Doing What?” Philosophical Topics: Global Gender Issues 37.2, 2009: 93–108,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/43154558,
http://philpapers.org/rec/MACGII.

McCarrick, Pat Milmoe and Martina Darragh, “A Just Share: Justice and Fairness in Resource Allocation,” Bioethics Research Library, Kennedy Institute of Ethics, 1997,
https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/556888/sn32.pdf;sequence=1.
Excellent source of data on works relevant to justice in health care.

The New York Times, Health Care Reform,
http://www.nytimes.com/topic/subject/health-care-reform?scp=1-spot&sq=health%20care&st=cse.
News about US health care reform.

Parker-Pope, Tara, “The Breast Cancer Racial Gap,” The New York Times, 3/3/2014,
http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/the-breast-cancer-racial-gap/.
Draws attention to inequalities in the distribution of breast cancer burdens in the US among different ethnic and racial groups.

PBS, “Unnatural Causes: Is Inequality Making Us Sick?”
http://www.unnaturalcauses.org/video_clips_detail.php?res_id=80.
Website exploring health and social justice in the US, with links to videos on different kinds of health inequity.

President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine, “Securing Access to Health Care,” 1983, Government Printing Office, Washington DC,
https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/559375/securing_access.pdf?sequence=1.

*Rescher, Nicholas, “The Allocation of Exotic Medical Lifesaving Therapy,” Ethics 79.3, 1969: 173–86,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2379841,
http://philpapers.org/rec/RESTAO.

Sanger-Katz, Margot, “Is the Affordable Care Act Working?” The New York Times, 10/26/2014,
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/10/27/us/is-the-affordable-care-act-working.html?_r=2#/.
Asks some basic questions about immediate consequences of the 2010 Affordable Care Act.

United Nations, “The Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” 1948,
http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/.
Its article 25 is a pioneer in holding health care as a basic human right.

United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "The Right of Everyone to the Enjoyment of the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and Mental Health," 2/16/2004,
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Health/Pages/SRRightHealthIndex.aspx.
Argues that health care is a fundamental right that creates correlative duties for the state, which are not limited to providing access to basic medical care.

Why Is Obamacare So Controversial? BBC News, 3/28/2014,
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-24370967.
Overview of the issues concerning the US Affordable Care Act that have raised controversies. Contains a chronology and videos.

*———, “Economics, QALYs and Medical Ethics—A Health Economist's Perspective,” Health Care Analysis 3.3, 1995: 221–6,
DOI     10.1007/BF02197671,
http://philpapers.org/rec/WILEQA.

*Williams, Alan, “Brief Response: QALYfying the Value of Life,” Journal of Medical Ethics 13.3, 1987: 123,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/27716594,
http://philpapers.org/rec/WILBRQ.

World Health Organization, “10 Facts about Women’s Health,” 2011, http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/women/en/.
Summarizes sound data suggesting that the global burden of ill health falls mostly on women.