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Chapter 1

Introduction


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Chapter 2

Realism: Is international anarchy the permissive cause of war?


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The myth

Multiple choice

1. The overriding goal of states in the environment of international anarchy is to:

  1. survive
  2. cooperate
  3. help weaker states

a. survive

2. Do realists think there is a way out of international anarchy?

  1. yes
  2. no

b. no

3. Realists such as Hans Morgenthau think that the nature of man is:

  1. good
  2. evil
  3. flawed
  4. innocent

c. flawed

4. Neorealists argue that the causes of conflict are:

  1. social
  2. human nature
  3. religious
  4. cultural

a. social

5. In which level of analysis did Waltz find the cause of war:

  1. the individual
  2. the state
  3. the state system
  4. none of them on their own

d. none of them on their own

6. The second image, of states, is a(n) ______________ cause of war:

  1. permissive
  2. immediate

b. immediate

7. Which of Waltz’s books marks the break between realism and neorealism:

  1. Theory of International Politics
  2. Man, the State and War

a. Theory of International Politics

8. Which arrangement does Waltz think is most likely to ensure a “balance of power”?

  1. unipolarity
  2. bipolarity
  3. multipolarity

b. bipolarity


Short Answer

1. What are the three assumptions of the anarchy myth?

  1. International politics is composed of sovereign nation states.
  2. There is no world government and therefore no international orderer.
  3. The absence of world government or of an international orderer means that international politics is anarchical.

2. What is the neorealist anarchy myth according to Kenneth Waltz?

'international anarchy is the permissive cause of war'

3. What three levels of analysis does Waltz use to answer the question “what causes wars?”

  1. The individual
  2. The state
  3. The state system

4. Describe Rousseau’s parable of the stag hunt used by Waltz.

  • Five men with basic ability to speak and understand each other come together - all hungry
  • Hunger of all will be satisfied if cooperate to trap a stag but hunger of any one of them would also be satisfied by a hare
  • A hare comes within reach and one of them grabs it – satisfies his hunger but lets the stag escape
  • His immediate interest prevails over consideration for the needs of his fellows

5. According to Waltz, the two major forms of organization that explain politics are:

  1. Hierarchy
  2. Anarchy

6. In a situation of structural anarchy as defined by Waltz, what is the best chance states have to survive?

Maximize their power

7. What is Waltz’s “security dilemma”?

  • In order to survive and ensure their security states must maximize their power
  • But when another state sees the state increasing its power it feels threatened and in turn increases its power
  • This then threatens other states, leading to a spiral

8. What does Waltz believe prevents competition among states leading to war?

Balance of power


Essay

1. Compare and contrast the realist view of human nature with the neorealist view. What are the implications for how they conceptualise international anarchy?

  • Realist:
    • Hans Morgenthau
    • Nature of man is fundamentally flawed
    • May not be purely evil but is tainted by original sin
    • Therefore have to be pessimistic about how men and groups of men (states) will behave in international politics
    • International politics will remain anarchical and conflictual
  • Neorealist:
    • Kenneth Waltz
    • Should look to “social” not “natural” causes of conflict
    • Organisation of social relations not the nature of man determines whether we have war
    • Good men can behave badly in bad social organisations and bad men stopped from behaving badly in good social organisations
    • Bad social organisation – “international anarchy”
    • “international anarchy is the permissive cause of war”.
  • International anarchy:
    • Realists – just the environment in which states act
    • Neorealist – social relations among states that causally explain why wars occur

Lord of the Flies

Multiple Choice

1. In the Lord of the Flies, adults represent the _________ in a realist system.

  1. orderers
  2. the man
  3. the international

a. orderers

2. The island world is:

  1. hierarchical
  2. anarchical

b.anarchical

3. Piggy is the voice of:

  1. hierarchical reason
  2. anarchy
  3. survival

a. hierarchical reason

4. What key aspect of Waltz’s myth does the film Lord of the Flies make evident?

  1. fear
  2. isolation
  3. loss of authority
  4. conflict

a. fear


Short Answer

1. The film Lord of the Flies suggest that rules mean nothing without __________.

Enforcement/an enforcer

2. What does the conch symbolise?

Rules and order

3. What are the five moves in the film Lord of the Flies that support Waltz’s anarchy myth?

  1. Loss of hierarchy
  2. Attempt to reimpose hierarchy
  3. Hierarchy fails through lack of an enforcer
  4. Conflict among the boys, war, and the killing of Piggy
  5. Anarchy ends with the reintroduction of adult authority

4. If Ralph represents hierarchy, what does Jack represent?

Anarchy

5. Describe how fear of the beast allows Jack to challenge Ralph’s leadership.

  • Allows Jack to shift the priority of the boys from being rescued to surviving on the island
  • If the focus is on surviving on the island then the priority is to kill the beast
  • They therefore need hunters and a leader who is a hunter (Jack)

The function of fear in Waltz’s anarchy myth

Multiple Choice

1. What does anarchy require to cause, or allow for, conflict?

  1. fear
  2. lack of authority
  3. poor organisation
  4. bad individuals

a. fear

2. For Waltz fear is always:

  1. cooperative
  2. divisive
  3. uniting

b. divisive

3. Conflict amongst the boys occurs _________ they embrace the fear of the beast.

  1. before
  2. after

b. after

4. The fear created in the film Lord of the Flies is fear of:

  1. human nature
  2. bad social and political organizations
  3. international anarchy
  4. fear itself

d. fear itself


Short answer

1. Why does anarchy require fear to be conflictual?

Causes of conflict - competition, survival, self-help – are not automatically present in anarchy. They only come after fear is introduced.

2. Where does the film Lord of the Flies locate fear, outside of Waltz’s three images?

Irrationally generated by the boys and externalised

3. Name two effects that Waltz attributes to anarchy:

  1. Prioritising survival
  2. Self-help over cooperation
  3. Conflict or competitive balancing

4. How does Waltz characterize fear?

Something that always divides peoples, states and societies, and worlds


Essay

1. How does the film Lord of the Flies demonstrate how fear is necessary for Waltz’s anarchy myth to function?

  • Waltz’s anarchy myth:
    • “international anarchy is the permissive cause of war”
    • International politics is composed of sovereign states without an orderer – anarchy
    • Therefore priority has to be survival
    • Best way to survive is to increase power
    • But this encourages other states to do the same
    • Results in a competitive system that often leads to conflict
  • Lord of the Flies:
    • Anarchy comes with the plane crash and resultant lack of adults
    • But the boys behave cooperatively and re-establish hierarchy under Jack
    • It is only when fear of the beast becomes widespread among the boys that hierarchy fails
    • This is when conflict occurs
  • Necessity of fear:
    • Anarchy is not innately conflictual – by itself it is insufficient to cause conflict
    • Needs fear to differentiate the behavior of those acting within it
    • Without fear, nothing to suggest behavior would be conflictual rather than cooperative

Chapter 3

Idealism: Is there an international society?


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The myth

Multiple Choice

1. What does the international society myth say needs to mediate anarchy in order to move from conflict to cooperation?

  1. community
  2. hierarchy
  3. an orderer
  4. world government

a. community

2. Which IR tradition is international community most commonly associated with?

  1. realism
  2. idealism
  3. constructivism
  4. Marxism

b. idealism

3. What do Idealists believe about human nature:

  1. basically bad
  2. basically good
  3. evil

b. basically good

4. According to idealists, what does “good organization” require to produce good states and societies?

  1. communication
  2. power
  3. military
  4. single leader

a. communication

5. Which event was crucial to the re-emergence of idealism through neoidealism?

  1. end of Cold War
  2. World War One
  3. World War Two

a. end of Cold War

6. Kegley argues that the behavior of states immediately after the Cold War was:

  1. conflictual
  2. cooperative

b. cooperative

Short Answer

1. Define “international community”.

A formal or informal collective and cooperative set of social relationships among sovereign nation-states.

2. What is the “domestic analogy”?

Drawing parallel between what happens within states in their domestic relations and what happens among states in their international relations.

3. What two reasons did Kegley give for rejecting orthodox realism after the end of the Cold War?

  1. It cannot satisfactorily explain post-Cold War cooperation among states.
  2. An existing theory, idealism, better explains this cooperation.

4. Name two things that, according to Kegley, idealism could explain (and realism couldn’t) about post-Cold War cooperation among sovereign states:

  • Spread of democracy
  • Increase in free trade agreements
  • Renewed role of UN
  • Proliferation of arms control agreements
  • International humanitarianism

5. What are the six core principles with which Kegley sums up idealism?

  1. Human nature is essentially good.
  2. Progress is possible.
  3. Bad human behaviour is the result of bad institutions not bad people.
  4. War is not inevitable and its frequency can be reduced.
  5. War and injustice are international problems that require multilateral, not national solutions.
  6. International society must be institutionally reorganised to eliminate the anarchy that makes war likely.

6. What is the seventh, post-Cold War, neo-idealist principle that Kegley adds to Woodrow Wilson’s six principles of idealism?

History suggests that global change and cooperation are not only possible but empirically persuasive

7. What do neoidealists consider the best form of governmental organisation?

Democracy

8. Explain Kegley’s domestic analogy

  • Good people within states communicate with each other, reducing conflict
  • Global communication expands this across state boundaries
  • International society is therefore composed of states interacting but also people within those states interacting across borders

Essay

1. Compare and contrast Kegley’s and Waltz’s characterizations of international politics

  • Kegley:
    • There is an international society among states
    • Conflict can be eliminated through cooperation among states using good/pure communication and good organisation
    • We can replace international anarchy with international community
    • People are basically good and, if organized into democratic states, inclined to cooperate internationally
    • Best fits post-Cold War era
  • Waltz:
    • International politics is anarchical
    • States must fight for their survival, increase their power and practise self-help
    • Anarchy means states will behave conflictually
    • Fear divides people and produces conflict
    • Best fits Cold War
  • •Compare
    • Neither can explain both Cold War and post-Cold War periods
    • Neither fully accounts for the role of US leadership as international orderer: questioning the extent of both anarchy and international society
    • Both are state-centric theories: a particular limitation for Kegley’s international society

Independence Day

Short answer

1. Name the four heroes of Independence Day

  1. US President Bill Whitmore
  2. David the computer troubleshooter
  3. Steve the US military fighter pilot
  4. Russell the Vietnam veteran, now a drunken cropduster

2. What are the key virtues shown by each of the four heroes in Independence Day?

  1. Bill Whitmore – honesty and pure communication
  2. David – morally good
  3. Steve – courage and adventure
  4. Russell – sacrifice and a good man speaking the truth

3. What is the new evil introduced into the post-Cold War world of Independence Day?

Aliens

4. What are the three moral assumptions in the world of Independence Day?

  1. Humans are morally good
  2. When humans have good communication they do good deeds
  3. Humans are morally progressive

5. What is deviant in the world of Independence Day?

  1. Bad aliens do bad deeds because they have bad communication and are morally corrupt/li>
  2. Alien communication is corrupted and corrupting
  3. Aliens are not morally progressive

6. What are the key neoidealist messages of Independence Day?

  • International cooperation for a just cause leads to peace
  • ure communication amongst humankind enables states to unite around such a just cause
  • The just cause can be communicated, embraced and implemented because there is an international society

Fear and Leadership in Independence Day

Multiple Choice

1. What mediates international anarchy in a neoidealist reading of Independence Day?

  1. international society
  2. hierarchy
  3. military

a. international society

2. What role does fear play in Independence Day’s international society myth?

  1. divides people
  2. creates conflict
  3. unites people
  4. makes people act badly

c. unites people


Short Answer

1. Why is the US setting of Independence Day crucial to the neoidealist principles it shows?

It is a democratically organised state and society which therefore enables citizens to behave morally

2. What pure form of communication unites the sovereign nation states around the world into one just military mission against the evil aliens?

Morse code

3. What are the two vital elements that Independence Day adds to the neoidealist story?

  1. Fear
  2. US Leadership

4. Does Independence Day prove that an international society can exist without fear?

No


Essay

1. Discuss the different role fear plays in the realist myth “anarchy is the permissive cause of war” and the neoidealist myth “there is an international society”.

  • Realism:
    • fear causes division and conflict
    • creates a fight for survival
    • produces actions that are good for individual states, not the common good
  • Idealism:
    • silent on the presumably unifying function of fear
    • instead assumes that people are basically good and incline towards cooperation
  • Looking at fear highlights the weakness of the assumptions and claims of both:
    • ealism: anarchy is not conflictual by itself – it requires fear for conflict to occur
    • idealism: can there be an international society, cooperation and just action, without fear?
  • The true function of fear for both myths must therefore go without saying.

2. ‘Independence Day really shows an international hierarchy under US leadership rather than an international society.’ What are the implications of this claim for the neoidealist myth?

  • What is the neoidealist myth:
    • there is an international society among states
    • states cooperate and produce good actions through good communication and good organisation
    • People are basically good and, if organized into democratic states, inclined to cooperate internationally
  • What does Independence Day show:
    • international actions are led and dominated by the US
    • ‘international society’ is in fact an extension of US domestic society
    • Fear, not just the basic goodness of people, is required to unite states and produce good actions
  • Implications for neoidealist myth:
    • there isn’t an international society, instead a US hegemony/hierarchy
    • states cooperate through a hierarchy, led by a leader/orderer
    • fear allows the hierarchy to function and stay in place unchallenged by producing ‘results’ of its success in creating cooperation and an ‘international society’
    • an international society might not be possible

Chapter 4

Constructivism: Is anarchy what states make of it?


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The myth

Multiple choice

1. Constructivism argues that identities and interests in international politics:

  1. change
  2. have a pre-given nature
  3. are fixed

a. change

2. In constructivism, international anarchy is:

  1. conflictual
  2. cooperative
  3. what states make of it

c. what states make of it

3. Constructivism is a bridge between:

  1. neorealism and neoliberalism
  2. neoliberalism and Marxism
  3. neorealism and gender

a. neorealism and neoliberalism

4. “Identities are the basis of __.” (Wendt, 1992)

  1. states
  2. interests
  3. anarchy
  4. conflict

b. interests

5. Name the fourth term: Actors – identities – interests -- ________

  1. institutions
  2. states
  3. NGOs

a. institutions

6. Identities and institutions are:

  1. cooperative
  2. conflictual
  3. mutually constitutive

c. mutually constitutive

Short Answer

1. What does constructivism say is the important thing to look at in understanding international politics?

How identities and interests are constructed

2. Constructivism’s definition of international anarchy depends on the identity of the state as:

Actor with intersubjectively constituted identity and interests

3. What are the two key aspects of anarchy stressed by theorists in the debate?

  1. Structure
  2. Process

4. What are the three things Wendt argues that neorealists and neoliberals have in common?

  1. States as dominant actors
  2. Rationalism
  3. Security defined as self-interest

5. What is Wendt’s problem with rationalism?

  1. Only rationalises behavior
  2. Takes identities and interests as given, therefore the system can’t be changed
  3. Limits theoretical understandings of and excludes changes to identities and interests

6. Wendt challenges the neorealist logic of anarchy by reclaiming a place for ________ in international politics:

Practice

7. What are the two structures that Wendt argues explain state behavior in international politics?

  1. International anarchy
  2. Intersubjectively constituted structure of identities and interests

8. What are the three fundamental principles of constructivist social theory?

  1. Social knowledge
  2. Social practice
  3. Social identities and interests

Essay

1. How does Wendt defend his state-centrism, and is his defence justified?

  • Wendt’s state-centrism:
    • “anarchy is what states make of it” (emphasis)
    • States as key actors in international politics
    • State is the decision-maker
    • Focus on changing identities and interests of states
  • How does Wendt defend this:
    • “Authorship” of human world mustn’t be forgotten therefore need to keep “author” (state) central
    • Only way to hold states and their actions accountable
    • Keeping states central reduces risk of reification of the world
    • Anarchy is a product of state activities: if reified (as by realists)then the security dilemma treated as (unchangeable) reality
  • Justified?
    • Yes:
      • Still live in a world of states – states are key actor
      • Very real actions are directed and taken by states
      • Important to study as can encourage change in behavior
    • No:
      • Misses key critique of realism
      • Doesn’t move debate forward, as still uses same assumption
      • States are not the dominant actors
      • Focus on states missed need for change elsewhere (i.e. transnational companies)

Wag the Dog

Multiple choice

1. Who defines reality in the world of Wag the Dog?

  1. Government
  2. UN
  3. media
  4. CIA

c. media

2. Who is the author of the tale in Wag the Dog?

  1. politics/media
  2. CIA
  3. US Public
  4. no one

d. no one

3. Production only functions when it is truly:

  1. powerful
  2. seductive
  3. original
  4. believable

b. seductive


Short answer

1. What is typical and deviant in Wag the Dog?

Typical: for the tail (spin-doctors) to wag the dog (US public)

Deviant: for the dog (US public) to wag the tail (spin-doctors)

2. What are the three roles Stanley attributes to producing in Wag the Dog?

  1. Problem-solving
  2. Heroic
  3. Invisible

3. Define “seductive” as used by Stanley and Wendt in relation to production.

Withholds its own labor from view


Practice, seduction, and dead authorship

Multiple choice

1. What set of practices does Wendt ignore:

  1. what states do
  2. stories that construct states as authors
  3. culture that makes states

b. stories that construct states as authors

2. Wendt’s theory of anarchy ends up reifying the:

  1. state
  2. international anarchy
  3. conflict

a. state


Short answer

1. What is production driven by?

Practices – the mediatic representation of the tale

2. What is the relationship of “tale,” “tail” and “dog” in Wag the Dog?

Tale wags the tail so that it appears the tail wags the dog

3. What are the 2 key disadvantages of the Wendtian compromise?

  1. Replaces reification of anarchy with that of the state
  2. Misses the opportunity to restore a focus on process and practice

Essay

1. Take the three key characters in Wag the Dog (President, Connie and Stanley) and explain why they aren’t the decision-maker. What does this reveal about who is the decision maker in international politics?

  • Character:
    • President: no – hires Connie as a response to the media
    • Connie: no – hired by the President
    • Stanley: no – Connie orders him to be killed
  • Who is the decision-maker?
    • No one – media circulates ideas that construct reality
  • What does this reveal abut international politics:
    • tates are not the decision-makers
    • They respond to the “tale” or the media
    • Therefore states themselves are produced
    • There is not necessarily a decision-maker in international politics

Chapter 5

Gender: Is gender a variable?


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The Myth

Multiple choice

1. Jones argues that the gender variable needs to be:

  1. reduced
  2. expanded
  3. removed

b. expanded

2. What is the 4th “essential feature” of feminism that Jones identifies?

  1. men as an international ruling class
  2. gender neutrality
  3. femininity
  4. queer rights

a. men as an international ruling class

3. Jones accuses feminist scholarship of being suspect because feminists are:

  1. neutral
  2. irrational
  3. partisans for women

c. partisans for women

4. Feminism claims that “the personal is ___________.”

  1. cultural
  2. political
  3. social
  4. empirical

b. political

5. Jones suggests a solution to the problems he identifies in feminist IR scholarship by focusing on:

  1. men and masculinities
  2. queer issues
  3. exclusively on women
  4. children

a. men and masculinities

Short Answer

1. What is needed for gender to be a variable?

  1. Gender placed in a distinct thing called a variable
  2. This variable being outside of gender – gender-neutral

2. What does Jones argue needs to be included in the gender variable?

Men and masculinity

3. What are the three essential features of feminism that Jones identifies?

  1. Subject of feminism – women as historical and political actors
  2. Epistemology of feminism – women’s experience
  3. Normative agenda – women are an historically underprivileged group, therefore need greater equality

4. Jones identifies four areas where feminism engages with realism. What are they?

  1. Opposed dualisms
  2. Realist state
  3. Rational-actor model
  4. Realist conceptions of power and security

Essay

1. Compare and contrast Jones’ and Peterson’s characterizations of feminism.

  • Jones: feminism is a normative program
    • Characteristics:
      • Subjects are women and the feminine
      • Epistemology is grounded in women’s experiences
      • Normative agenda is to promote women’s equality and to blame men and masculinity for global injustices
  • Peterson: feminism is a worldview
    • Characteristics:
      • Gender is socially constructed, producing subjective identities
      • We view the world through these identities
      • The world is shaped by gendered meanings
      • We know the world as gendered beings
  • For Jones gender is a variable and can be placed but Peterson has the opposite view: gender can’t be placed – it is something through which we see the world
  • Therefore, for Jones just as there are places gender and feminism should be placed, there are places they shouldn’t, whereas for Peterson gender is everywhere.

Fatal Attraction

Multiple choice

1. Fatal Attraction makes sense of the world by valuing:

  1. sex
  2. single women
  3. the heterosexual nuclear family
  4. infidelity

c. the heterosexual nuclear family

2. In Fatal Attraction, Alex represents a(n) _______ woman:

  1. illegitimate
  2. legitimate

a. illegitimate

3. Alex’s behavior is portrayed as:

  1. rational
  2. irrational

b. irrational

Short Answers

1. What is typical and deviant in the world of Fatal Attraction?

Typical: respecting the heterosexual nuclear family as the only legitimate and reasonable source of meaning.

Deviant: disturbing the heterosexual nuclear family through outside, irrational and illegitimate influences.

2. What does Fatal Attraction tell us about the place of femininity?

That it must be kept in its place.

Placing feminism in IR?

Multiple choice

1. Where does Jones locate legitimate meaning in IR?

  1. classical tradition of realist/idealist questions of war and peace
  2. gender including men and masculinities
  3. constructivism

a. classical tradition of realist/idealist questions of war and peace

2. What would feminists argue does the normative agenda of the classical approach to IR privilege?

  1. queer identities
  2. women and femininity
  3. "normal” subjects and sexualities

c. "normal” subjects and sexualities

3. From a feminist perspective, does classical IR theory have a gendered point of view?

  1. yes
  2. no

a. yes

4. Feminists say it is possible to have a gender-neutral point of view:

  1. false
  2. true

a. false

5. Which female character in Fatal Attraction represents feminism?

  1. Beth
  2. Alex
  3. Ellen

b. Alex

Short Answer

1. For Jones, what is the gendered perspective of feminism in IR?

Women and the feminine

2. Give two ways Jones suggests managing feminist “excesses.”

1. Ignore work inconsistent with the “gender variable”

2. Replace feminist work with a more “balanced” gender variable that reemphasises men and masculinities

3. Name three of the “wrong questions” that feminism asks of traditional IR theory:

  1. What makes traditional IR questions and approaches meaningful?
  2. How are these meanings related to one another hierarchically?
  3. How do these meanings enable us to make value judgements that help us to place people and things as legitimate or illegitimate?
  4. What IS traditional IR theory’s normative agenda and how does it use gender to secure this agenda while appearing to be gender-neutral and gender-free?
  5. Should normatively masculine understandings of the world be the only legitimate ways of seeing the world?

4. What does Jones claim about feminism in IR in order not to have to take it seriously?

That it is “unbalanced”

Essay

1. Does Fatal Attraction support Jones’ claim that gender has a place in IR theory?

  • Jones’ claim:
    • Gender is a discrete phenomenon
    • It can and should be “placed” in IR
    • Gender is a variable
    • It should include men and masculinities
  • The place of gender in Fatal Attraction:
    • Beth stays in her “place” in the traditional heterosexual nuclear family
    • Alex, the disruptive presence (feminism) transgresses the socially-acceptable boundaries of the heterosexual nuclear family
    • Her irrational behavior eventually results in her death at the hands of Beth
    • Dan’s point of view, which is the traditional point of view, is not gender-neutral
  • Implications for gender in IR theory:
    • Gender does not, and cannot, keep in its “place”
    • Treating gender as a variable doesn’t work
    • Traditional IR is not gender-neutral
    • Therefore gender needs to be treated as a way of seeing the world (Peterson)

Chapter 6

Globalization: Are we at the end of history?


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The myth

Multiple choice:

1. In what philosophical tradition does an Historical Materialist explanation of globalization have its roots?

  1. Marxism
  2. Liberalism
  3. Realism
  4. Constructivism

a. Marxism

2. For Historical Materialists, what process drives all others?

  1. political
  2. cultural
  3. economic

c. economic

3. Historical materialists regard international economic processes as:

  1. conflictual
  2. unifying

b. conflictual

4. Who claimed that liberalism was “the end of history”?

  1. Kant
  2. Fukuyama
  3. Marx
  4. Hegel

b. Fukuyama

5. What aspect of liberalism does Fukuyama claim has already won in the “victory of liberalism”?

  1. politics
  2. ideology
  3. economics

b.ideology

6. In a dialectical process, what is the term used for ‘a higher truth’

  1. synthesis
  2. antithesis
  3. thesis

a. synthesis

7. In Hegel’s dialectic, what are in conflict?

  1. classes
  2. ideologies
  3. cultures
  4. religions

Short Answers

1. What 3 processes occur simultaneously in neo-liberal globalisation?

  1. Economic liberalisation
  2. olitical democratisation
  3. Cultural universalization

2. where does conflict occur for Historical Materialists?

Among economic classes.

3. For Historical materialists, history is the history of:

Class struggle.

4. What are the two ways in which Fukuyama put liberalism beyond debate?

  1. History of ideological struggle is over and liberalism has won
  2. Liberalism is a finished ideology – deflects attention from internal contradictions

5. How does Fukuyama understand history?

“A dialectical process with a beginning, a middle, and an end”

6. In the dialectical process, when do we reach an end of history?

  1. All contradictions are resolved
  2. All human needs satisfied
  3. No struggle or conflict over large issues
  4. When the theoretical truth of the ideology cannot be improved upon

7. What does Fukuyama argue were the two main challengers to liberalism in the 20th Century?

  1. Fascism
  2. Communism

8. What does Fukuyama identify as two future challenges to liberalism and why does he think they will fail?

  1. Religion – no universalizable political alternative
  2. Nationalism – no generalizable critique of liberalism, therefore potentially compatible

Essay

1. Compare and contrast neo-liberal and historical materialist understandings of globalisation.

  • Nature of globalization:
    • Neoliberal:
      • Harmonious
      • Economic liberalization
      • Political democratization
      • Cultural universalization
    • Historical Materialist:
      • Conflictual
      • Economic class warfare
  • Results:
    • Neoliberal:
      • All who participate in economic processes benefit
      • If economics drives politics then positive “spill-over”
      • Harmonious, beneficial processes: democracy both national and international
    • Historical materialist:
      • Increases inequality so rich get richer and poor get poorer
      • Conflictual economic processes produces conflictual politics
      • Produces conflict in both national and international politics
  • Take on globalization:
    • Neoliberal:
      • Good
      • Spreads economic, cultural and political benefits of liberalism
      • “End of history”
    • Historical materialist:
      • Bad
      • Results in inequality of distribution of global wealth
      • It is the capitalist stage of history – end comes with socialism/communism

The Truman Show

Multiple Choice

1. In The Truman Show what ideology does Truman represent?

  1. totalitarianism
  2. marxism
  3. liberalism
  4. realism

c. liberalism

2. What does Truman want that he can’t have in Seahaven?

  1. money
  2. freedom
  3. love
  4. fame

b. freedom

3. How does “The Truman Show” make sense of the world?

  1. celebrating history
  2. looking to the future

a. celebrating history

4. What is deviant for Truman in the world of “The Truman Show”?

  1. become aware and stay
  2. be unaware
  3. become aware and leave

c. become aware and leave

Short Answers

1. what is typical in the world of “The Truman Show”?

For Truman to be blissfully ignorant of his situation.

2. How does Christof contain Truman’s desires in “The Truman Show”?

By substituting the category of what he wants for the specific thing/person Truman wants.

3. what leads to Truman’s awakening?

Christof’s inability to fulfil his desires.

4. Is the world of The Truman Show historical or post-historical?

Post-historical.

5. What is deviant in the world of The Truman Show?

No space for viewers to project their desires for history and ideology.

Liberalism’s internal contradiction, or is the end ever really the end?

Multiple choice

1. What does Liberalism require to function as a contradiction-free ideology?

  1. prosperity for everyone
  2. a safe space for people to project their desires
  3. democracy

b. a safe space for people to project their desires

Short Amswer

1. What is the unresolvable contradiction within the ideology of liberalism that The Truman Show reveals?

  • Liberalism attempts to satisfy the desires it creates for individuals by offering them substitutes
  • hese work for a while but ultimately fail

Essay

1. How does The Truman Show reveal and illustrate the unresolvable contradiction within the ideology of liberalism?

  • Liberalism’s internal contradiction:
    • Show based on premise that if Truman’s needs and desires are met he won’t look (or go) outside the bounds of Seahaven
    • However, material solutions cannot meet his personal desires thereby setting up a confrontation with Christof and the show
    • Liberalism makes us want total freedom but only offers economic freedom
  • Creates desires:
    • Freedom
  • Offers only substitutes and economic well-being:
    • In “The Truman Show”
      • Economic prosperity
      • Heterosexual marriage and family
      • Minimal crime
      • Friendly, caring community
    • Outside:
      • Space to project desire for history
  • Empty core of liberalism
    • These substitutes are not enough so Truman leaves
    • “The Truman Show” ends and viewers are left with nothing
    • Economic well-being cannot be a substitute for personal desire
    • “Empty core” of Liberalism is revealed

Chapter 7

NeoMarxism: Is Empire the new world order?


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The Myth

Multiple choice

1. Hardt and Negri argue which of the following best describes their Empire?

  1. USA hegemony
  2. colonial imperialism
  3. a mixed character of certain and elusive attributes

c. a mixed character of certain and elusive attributes

2. Deleuze and Guattari say that power:

  1. flows through states, societies and international orders
  2. is located in one place
  3. can be described in territorial terms

a. flows through states, societies and international orders

3. Hardt and Negri describe Empire as having a ___________ center.

  1. material
  2. territorial
  3. virtual
  4. true

c. virtual

4. The agency/ontology of Empire is:

  1. Marxist
  2. postmodern
  3. liberal
  4. realist

b. postmodern

5. What is the new world order for Hardt and Negri?

  1. Empire
  2. liberalism
  3. globalization
  4. communism

a. Empire

6. Empire is about __________ the new world order.

  1. explaining
  2. resisting
  3. mastering
  4. succeeding in

b. resisting

Short Answer

1. What has enabled the materialization of Empire?

  1. End of colonization
  2. Collapse of Soviet bloc
  3. Leading to globalization of economic and cultural exchange

2. How do Hardt and Negri define Empire?

  1. A global order
  2. A new logic and structure of rule
  3. A new form of sovereignty

3. Briefly summarise Foucault’s concept of biopower.

  • Relationships between states, societies and populations have changed historically
  • States first subjected populations to sovereign authority
  • Then, societies disciplined and normalized populations to behave in accordance with norms of conduct
  • Eventually, individuals become self-disciplined and normalized after they have internalized these lessons from states and societies

4. Does Empire have a foundation?

No.

5. What are the three intellectual debts that Hardt and Negri owe to postmodernism?

  1. Biopower
  2. Deterritorialized location of Empire
  3. Fragmentary agency/ontology of Empire

6. What are the two things the disparate parts of the multitude share?

  1. Common enemy in the Empire
  2. Common identity of the multitude

Essay

1. How do Hardt and Negri combine postmodernism and neoMarxism in their theory of Empire?

  • Empire – many definitions! Include:
    • A new global order
    • A new form of sovereignty – regulates global exchanges
    • Rules world politics
    • single logic of rule
    • Virtual center
    • Non-place
    • Apparatus of rule
    • Society of control constructed through biopower
    • International disciplinary order
    • Enemy of the multitude
  • Postmodernism:
    • Biopower: Foucault
      • Creation of “international disciplinary order” among states, societies, and within individuals themselves
    • Nomadism: Deleuze and Guattari
      • Power not located in any one place – deterritorialized location of Empire
    • Agency/ontology: Castells
      • Foundationless, fluid and fragmented – flows of power and actions
    • Hardt and Negri preserve postmodern insights about biopower and nomadism but turn to neoMarxism to claim that Empire has a concrete character
  • neoMarxism:
    • “A single logic of rule”: similar to Marx’s logic of capital
      • Empire is the logic that dominates international world order
      • Logical orderer of the world – a political subject and a sovereign power
    • Exploitation: neoMarxism’s “masses”
      • “The multitude” are exploited by global processes to benefit the few
      • The exploited multitude are the new proletariat
    • Resistance to oppression:
      • Identify Empire in order to resist it – Empire is the enemy of the multitude
      • Create “counter-Empire”: alternative political organisation
  • Combination:
    • In order for Empire and the multitude to be relevant, they have to have agency/ontology (they unify fractured and fluid forces of oppression and resistance into coherent and meaningful agents called Empire and multitude)
    • Hardt and Negri place Empire and multitude into neat opposition
    • This way, solve the problem of resistance in postmodern era

Memento

Multiple choice

1. Memento’s world is:

  1. modern
  2. postmodern
  3. neoMarxist

b. postmodern

2. What is typical in the world of Memento?

  1. people have the ability to make new memories
  2. people to be unable to make new memories
  3. people to forget

a. people have the ability to make new memories

3. In which direction does time move for Leonard in Memento?

  1. forwards
  2. stays still
  3. backwards

c. backwards

4. In Memento, the color film sequences represent the:

  1. factual
  2. fantastical
  3. no difference

c. fantastical

Short Answer

1. What are the two things that make the world of Memento uncertain?

  1. Temporality: no guaranteed progress through time – takes place outside of time
  2. Spatiality: deterritorialized – place doesn’t matter and everything is unbounded (including Leonard).

2. What are the two things Leonard supplements his life with in order to survive the meaningless present?

  1. Ordered and disciplined system of habit and conditioning
  2. A motive to make the system of habit and ordering work.

3. What is Leonard’s motive for reordering his world?

Injustice of his wife being raped and murdered by John G.

4. Why do the color sequences in Memento make the audience identify with Leonard?

  • They don’t know what is going on because the scenes mirror Leonard’s (confused) memory and run backwards
  • They know Leonard doesn’t know what is going on either so they identify with him as a detective – this represents his reality and they connect with that.

5. What three things make the black and white sequences in Memento make sense?

  1. Leonard’s certainty about facts and past memories
  2. A progressive, modernist narrative
  3. A bounded, modern sense of space with real places.

6. What are the differences between Sammy and Leonard’s memory loss?

  • Sammy’s was psychological, Leonard’s physical
  • Sammy couldn’t use instinct to create new behaviors, Leonard could.

7. Why couldn’t Sammy will himself to behave differently?

No reason/motivation

Truth, Ontology, and Desire

Multiple choice

1. Hardt and Negri construct the enemy of the multitude (Empire) into a __________ agent.

  1. fragmented
  2. coherent
  3. fluid
  4. multiple

b. coherent

2. Do postmodernists think that coherent agents/ontologies need to exist in order to have meaningful global resistances to objectionable uses of power?

  1. no
  2. yes

a. no

Short Amswer

1. What two things does Leonard firmly believe throughout Memento?

  1. John G. raped and murdered his wife and he has to give his wife justice by killing John G.
  2. Leonard and Sammy are two distinct, separate individuals.

2. Explain how Leonard is caught between truth and desire in Memento.

Leonard desires to be a coherent agent but the truth is more likely that he is fractured and fragmented.

3. In addition to posing the problem of ontology – the idea that things are fragmented, fluid and foundationless – which two further arguments about the problem of ontology do postmodernists make?

  1. The problem cannot be solved.
  2. The problem doesn’t need to be solved.

Essay

1. What does Leonard’s desire and strategy for becoming a coherent ontology/agent reveal about Hardt and Negri’s myth of Empire?

  • Leonard:
    • Leonard’s desire to be a coherent agent wins over the truth that he is fractured and fragmented
    • Tale of injustice – his wife being raped and murdered
    • But also the loss of himself – no longer has a coherent identity
    • He constructs an enemy – John G. – and repeatedly tracks and kills him
    • John G. gives Leonard meaning in his life as the enemy he must bring to justice – he calls Leonard into being
  • Hardt and Negri:
    • Tale of injustice – Empire oppressing the multitude
    • Construct Empire as the enemy of the multitude
    • Loss of the multitude as meaning maker, resistance therefore not meaningful
    • Intellectuals therefore not meaningful
    • Write Empire into being – call the multitude, and themselves, into being
  • Comparison:
    • Both stories in Memento and Empire appear to be true because the desire for them to be true wins out
    • Both Leonard and Hardt and Negri construct an enemy
    • This gives them a reason to exist
    • But also makes their very existence possible.

Chapter 8

Modernisation and development theory: Is there a clash of civilizations?


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The Myth

Multiple choice

1. When did the modernization and development tradition emerge?

  1. pre Cold War
  2. post-Cold War
  3. 1990s
  4. during the Cold War

d. during the Cold War

2. What was the modernization and development tradition a response to managing?

  1. former colonial territories
  2. the Soviet bloc
  3. post World War II Europe

a. former colonial territories

3. What does Huntington argue is lacking in the modernization and development tradition?

  1. economics
  2. political order
  3. religion
  4. culture

b. political order

4. Huntington’s clash of civilizations thesis claims to account for the evolution of _______ in the modern world.

  1. economics
  2. religion
  3. conflict
  4. culture

c. conflict

5. Which historical event marked the key moment for the creation of Huntington’s thesis?

  1. end of the Cold War
  2. World War Two
  3. September 11th
  4. Hiroshima

a. end of the Cold War

6. Which fault line between civilisations does Huntington devote the majority of his attention to?

  1. Islamic and Western Christianity
  2. Japanese and Confucian
  3. Hindu and Islamic

a. Islamic and Western Christianity

7. What does Huntington assume causes conflict?

  1. politics
  2. ideology
  3. difference
  4. power

c. difference

8. The post-Cold War world will be a battle between the West and:

  1. the rest
  2. itself
  3. Russia
  4. terrorists

a. the rest

Short Answer

1. What was the modernization and development tradition conceived as an alternative to?

Marxist, communist, neoMarxist strategies of development

2. What four general conclusions did modernization and development theorists draw about the development process for states?

  1. Change and development are easy
  2. All good things go together
  3. Radicalism and revolution are bad
  4. Distributing power is more important than accumulating it

3. What two core principles of modernization and development theory does Huntington reject?

  1. All good things go together
  2. Distributing power is more important than accumulating it

4. How does Huntington define civilization?

The highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity

5. How can civilizations be identified?

  1. Common objective elements – shared language, history, religion, customs, institutions.
  2. Subjective self-identification – what you think you are.

6. What are the eight civilizations that Huntington identifies?

Western Christian, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin American, African.

7. Where does Huntington identify the civilizational fault lines in Europe?

Western Christianity – Orthodox Christianity – Islam

8. Where does Huntington locate conflict?

Between identities, between civilizations

9. What does Huntington argue is the best way to manage difference?

Assimilate it within or expel it from identity

East is East

Multiple Choice

1. How does East is East cast identity?

  1. religious and national terms
  2. cultural terms
  3. ideological terms

a. religious and national terms

2. If the Khans represent Islam, which other family in the film do they civilizationally “clash” with?

  1. Khan’s family in Pakistan
  2. Ella’s family
  3. Moorhouses
  4. Shahs

c. Moorhouses

3. When does the conflict occur in East is East?

  1. from the beginning, with cultural differences
  2. when George turns difference into identity
  3. when George marries Ella
  4. when the children are born

b. when George turns difference into identity

4. Where is the fundamental fault line in East is East?

  1. in religion
  2. in ethnicity
  3. within George’s identity
  4. within the family

c. within George’s identity

Short Answer

1. What is typical in the world of East is East?

For George and Ella’s values to coexist, even if the latter’s have to be concealed

2. What does Huntington argue for instead of transforming difference into identity?

Separation, segregation, securitization

3. What is George’s solution to his children’s lack of a unified identity?

Have them marry (Bradford) Muslims

Essay

1. Do the Khan children represent Huntington’s fault line between civilizations, or do they foreshadow multicultural Britain? Justify your choice.

  • How decide?
    • What motivates the conflict in East is East?
    • Do the solutions proposed by Huntington and multiculturalism work when applied?
  • Clash of civilizations:
    • Fault line:
      •  Between Western British Christianity (Ella) and Pakistani Islam (George)
      • Key question for the children is “who am I?”
      • Unable to fulfil desire to be a (single) identity
    • Key source of conflict:
      • Conflict occurs when George tries to force children to have a single civilizational identity
      • Conflict is result of George turning difference into identity – supports Huntington
    • Solution:
      • Separate, secure, segregate
      • Example – Bradford
      • But: previous co-existence for 25 years counters this
      • Therefore difference doesn’t necessarily produce instability
  • Multicultural Britain:
    • Children don’t think of themselves as a single identity
    • Strong characters/personalities - but none reducible to the “civilizational” choices available to them
    • However – they don’t want to choose a civilizational identity
    • Therefore not the fault line of civilizations but a foreshadowing of multicultural Britain
    • World is multicultural – “culture” spilling out of boundaries and redefining identity
    • If so, motivation for the conflict would lie elsewhere
    • In Khan house civilizations have coexisted peacefully for 25 years
    • Fault line lies within identities not between
    • Key fault line is within George’s identity - location and motivation for conflict in the film

Identity, desire , and culture

Multiple choice

1. Huntington’s idea of culture is:

  1. moving
  2. changing
  3. stagnant
  4. declining

c. stagnant

2. From Huntington’s perspective, culture provides individuals with:

  1. security
  2. family
  3. stories
  4. conflict

a. security

3. In East is East, post-World War II Britain identifies itself as:

  1. one culture
  2. multicultural
  3. no culture
  4. post culture

b. multicultural

Short Answer

1. How does culture provide individuals with political security?

Cultural identities are easily collectivised and so can ground states and civilizations

2. How does Huntington solve the problem of cultural difference within states and civilizations?

  • Single culture civilizations provide identity for states and not just individuals
  • Therefore individual identifications less important than collective identification
  • Difference, conflict and insecurity therefore located outside – between civilizations, not within

3. Equating identity with culture is a contemporary response to the problem of:

Cultural difference

Essay

1. Do events post September 11th support or contradict Huntington’s thesis that identity is a source of stability and security?

  • Huntington’s thesis:
    • Identity is coterminous with culture
    • Provides stability, security and order
    • Difference leads to conflict
    • Key is to secure, separate and segregate
  • Post 9/11 events:
    • All sides use thesis to justify violence in the name of cultural difference
    • Rise of Far Right in the West – conflictual side of identity seeking
    • Rise of fundamentalisms – fracture civilizations of Islam and Western Christianity
    • “Civilization consciousness” has created insecurity
  • Conclusion:
    • Identity is as contentious, unstable and conflictual as difference
    • Identity has been used to justify violence on both “sides” since 9/11
    • Huntington’s thesis has contributed to not reduced conflict and insecurity post 9/11

Chapter 9

Environmentalism: Is human-made climate change an inconvenient truth?


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The Myth

Multiple Choice

1. Ecocentrism places humans as:

  1. above nature
  2. below nature
  3. part of nature
  4. outside nature

c. part of nature

2. Who popularised the “limits-to-growth” argument in the 1970s?

  1. Meadows
  2. Malthus
  3. Paterson
  4. Gore

a. Meadows

3. What type of film is An Inconvenient Truth?

  1. romance
  2. short
  3. documentary
  4. comedy

c. documentary

4. What does Gore’s 1992 book Earth in the Balance propose?

  1. Strategic Environment Initiative
  2. Global Marshall Plan
  3. Green Security Strategy

b. Global Marshall Plan

5. An Inconvenient Truth was designed to forge a:

  1. common purpose
  2. policy paper
  3. new political party

a. common purpose

6. An Inconvenient Truth focuses on the actions of:

  1. global corporations
  2. governments
  3. individuals
  4. societies

c. individuals

7. Does Gore think we need world government to address climate change?

  1. yes
  2. no

b. no

8. Does Gore think that economic growth and a healthy sustainable environment are compatible?

  1. yes
  2. no

a. yes

Short Answer

1. What is the core premise of environmental/green theory?

Received wisdom about the relationship between nature and culture (humans should dominate nature and extract what they want and need from it) must be questioned.

2. What three points does Paterson claim are key to bringing about a positive change in the human-nature relationship?

  1. A new understanding of ontology/being
  2. A new understanding of global limits
  3. A new global order

3. What are the two things that Paterson argues has pushed the earth to its environmental limits?

  1. Exponential growth of human populations
  2. Near saturation of earth’s capacity to naturally recycle pollution

4. What is the key message of An Inconvenient Truth?

Human-made climate change is an inconvenient truth that can be solved by humans because it is a human-made problem.

5.What are the three key parts of Gore’s Strategic Environment Initiative (SEI) (1989)?

  1. Energy SEI: conservation of power and developing new sources (solar, biomass, nuclear)
  2. Second green revolution: new agricultural technologies and international financing for Third World
  3. Transportation SEI: improve mileage standards in US vehicles, develop alternative fuels and restructure US transport system

6. In Earth in the Balance (1992) what does Gore want to make “our new organizing principle”?

The preservation of the earth

7. What are two key things that An Inconvenient Truth does not include?

  • Controversial details/debates
  • Policy recommendations
  • ontradictions in Gore’s argument
  • Villains – people, political forces of corporations who might be responsible for climate change

Essay

1. How idealist is Gore?

  • Idealism:
    • Humans are good by nature
    • Progress is possible
    • Bad things happen because of bad organization
    • Conflict is not inevitable
    • Collective action can redress injustice and avoid conflict
    • International society can solve global problems
  • Gore:
    • Implicitly agrees with key idealist principles
    • But does this with a difference
    • Priority of environmental crisis over all else
    • Way he seeks to address this
  • Not typical of idealism:
    • Human-environmental conflict is more urgent than human-human conflict at this moment in history
    • International society must address itself to the new environmental security problem by tackling human-made climate change
    • The preservation of the planet must become our new organizing principle
  • Conclusion:
    • Some similarities but differs in important way
    • Key difference: prioritizing human-environmental conflict

WALL-E

Multiple Choice

1. The film WALL-E is set in the:

  1. past
  2. present
  3. future

c. future

2. What is the character WALL-E nostalgic for?

  1. love
  2. humans
  3. the earth
  4. dogs

a. love

3. Buy N Large is a:

  1. state
  2. culture
  3. religion
  4. global corporation

d. global corporation

4. What do the space-bound humans seem programmed to do?

  1. love
  2. consume
  3. exercise
  4. fight

b. consume

5. What central character does the film WALL-E introduce that is missing in Gore’s work on the environment?

  1. robots
  2. space captain
  3. Buy N Large corporation

c. Buy N Large corporation

Short Answer

1. How does the film WALL-E make sense of the world?

  • Human-made climate change created an environmental catastrophe so severe that earth could no longer support life
  • •Humans have lost the ability to sustain meaningful relationships – with the earth and each other

2. What constitutes the bulk of space-bound human engagements?

  • Command relationships with robots
  • Human relationships through computer screens

3. What is typical in the world of the film WALL-E?

Humans abandoned earth and live in hyper-convenient corporatized space, where they can consume uninterrupted.

4. What goes without saying in order for Gore’s myth to appear to be true?

Human-made climate change is not necessarily inconvenient for global corporations because his solutions do not require sacrifices in economic growth.

Essay

1. What does the film WALL-E’s depiction of the Buy N Large Corporation reveal about Gore’s approach to the environment?

  • Depiction of Buy N Large in the film WALL-E:
    • Consumption:
      • Encourages human consumption
      • Provides for existing needs and creates new ones
    • Directing behavior:
      • Humans – to consume
      • Robots – to fulfil tasks for humans
    • Indefinite expansion:
      • Earth until it is made uninhabitable
      • Space: spaceships, moon, Axiom
    • Power:
      • Have become global governance structure
      • CEO is sort of global president
      • Power demonstrated by auto pilot command overriding captain of spaceship
  • Gore:
    • Corporations are largely absent in his theory
    • Only demand he makes of them is to produce new, green technology
    • No reflection on whether the structure and global power of corporations themselves needs reconsidering
    • Key (liberal economic) priority is to continue economic growth and consumption
    • No change in economic behavior required, therefore corporations do not need to change
    • Liberal economics wins over the environment

It’s not easy being Gore’s shade of green

Multiple Choice

1. What is the contribution to tackling climate change that Gore asks of corporations?

  1. reduce growth
  2. create new technology
  3. change the profit economic model
  4. prioritize environment over consumption

b. create new technology

2. For Gore, corporate profit is:

  1. an unproblematic universally accepted principle
  2. problematic
  3. incompatible with the environment
  4. morally wrong

a. an unproblematic universally accepted principle

3. What is the ontology of green politics?

  1. anthropocentric
  2. ecocentric
  3. biocentric
  4. aquacentric

b. ecocentric

Short Answer

1. What are the self-evident truths that Gore’s environmentalism relies on?

  • The planet must be saved from environmental disaster
  • =Don’t need to interrogate the principle of corporate profit and individual consumption in order to do this

2. Which two theories does Gore mix in his approach to environmental issues?

  1. Environmental/green theory
  2. Idealist/liberal economic theory

3. What are some potential problems with relying on technology to solve the environmental crisis?

  • Not yet viable
  • Could have unintended, devastating, side-effects
  • Too little too late
  • The wrong solution

Essay

1. How green is Gore really?

  • Define Green:
    • The need to question the human/culture relationship
    • Change our ontology – anthropocentric to ecocentric
    • Accept that there are real consequences to exceeding environmental limits
    • Reorganise the global order to be more environmentally friendly
    • “Think global, act local”
  • Gore:
    • Corporations only need to rethink relationship to nature to point where it interferes with growth/profit
    • Economically-centric not ecocentric
    • Economic growth not environmental wellbeing is his limit
    • Reorganise only insofar as it protects economic growth
  • Conclusion:
    • Economic priority overtakes his green credentials
    • Not prepared for the two to clash, and if they do, economics appears to be more important
    • Doesn’t recognise environmental problems as being rooted in consumerism, instead sees consumerism as the solution
    • Therefore – not that green!

Chapter 10

Anarchism: Are We the 99%?


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The myth

Multiple choice

  1. Liberalism
  2. Realism
  3. Anarchism
  4. Feminism

c. Anarchism

2. IR theorists view anarchy as:

  1. good
  2. bad

b. bad

3. Anarchy is the absence of:

  1. an orderer
  2. order

a. an orderer

4. Anarchism is a type of:

  1. Marxism
  2. Libertarianism
  3. Conservatism

b. Libertarianism

5. Anarchist believe that ‘the system is ________ us’

  1. going to save us
  2. not going to save us

b. not going to save us

6. Graeber’s ‘new anarchism’ is:

  1. local
  2. individual
  3. national
  4. global

d. global

7. Graeber’s Ethical Common decency requires working out what each us really:

  1. knows
  2. owes each other
  3. believes
  4. cares about

b. owes each other

8. Genuine friendships are premised on:

  1. incalculable obligations
  2. quantifiable obligations
  3. external obligations
  4. state obligations

a. incalculable obligations

9. ‘Debt is a promise corrupted by both _____and violence’ (Graber, 2011)

  1. society
  2. people
  3. math
  4. money

c. math

Short Answer

1. What are the three basic assumptions anarchists make about liberty, human capacities for self-organization, and power?

  • Liberty: Expanding the realm of individual liberty is both desirable and possible
  • Human capacity for self-organization: Humans beings are, under ordinary circumstances, about as reasonable and decent as they are allowed to be, and can organize themselves and their communities without needing to be told how
  • Power: Power corrupts

2. What is the fundamental question anarchists ask about the relationship between authority and morality?

Why should a person be expected to obey the authority of the state, for that reason alone, if he is prepared to follow the dictates of a morality that recognises the integrity of other persons?

3. Describe Graeber’s concept of Horizontal Direct Democracies.

Leaderless, self-organizing structures like the “General Assemblies” that were popularized by OWS, in which decisions are made collectively and consensually.

4. How does Graeber define debt?

The obligation to pay a certain sum of money

5. What is “baseline communism” as defined by Graeber?

Extending ethical common decency to everyone we encounter and helping people in need as best we can in our everyday social relationships

6. What are two ways violence can be part of debt?

  1. Restricting your liberty if you can’t repay your debt
  2. A debt than can never be repaid keeps you in debt bondage, meaning you are never truly free

7. Debt bondage has its roots in:

colonisation

Essay

  • IR Scholars:
    • Anarchy is bad, hierarchy is good
    • Anarchy is less secure than hierarchy
    • Anarchy is a problem that needs to be solved:
      • Realists: balance of power
      • Idealists: create an international community
      • Constructivists: make (positive) use of it
  • Anarchists:
    • Anarchy is good, states and hierarchy are bad
    • Reject anarchy being Hobbesian state of nature
    • Anarchy is:
      • Absence of an orderer provides absolute freedom
      • Govern selves ethically and consensually
      • Enables the pursuit of the good life

The Hunger Games

Multiple choice

1. In The Hunger Games, the Capitol is the:

  1. Debtor
  2. Creditor
  3. Loan
  4. Interest

b. Creditor

2. In the film The Hunger Games, what is the cost of freedom?

  1. money
  2. territory
  3. The Hunger Games

c. The Hunger Games

3. What is the only form of currency acceptable to The Capitol for debt servicing?

  1. District children
  2. Obedience
  3. Television
  4. Money

a. District children

4. Panem is a:

  1. anarchy
  2. hierarchy
  3. communism
  4. democracy

b. hierarchy

5. Which character drives the movement from what is typical to what is deviant in the world of The Hunger Games?

  1. Katniss Everdeen
  2. Prim Everdeen
  3. Seneca Crane
  4. Gale

a. Katniss Everdeen

6. What is the key skill needed by a Tribute to survive in The Arena?

  1. weapons
  2. fitness
  3. social
  4. languages

c. social

7. What does Katniss learn is the key to true liberty?

  1. money
  2. being debt-free
  3. power
  4. social relationships

d. social relationships

8. What anarchical gesture does Katniss make at the end of The Hunger Games?

  1. Suicide pact with Peeta
  2. pretending to love Peeta
  3. winning the Games

a. Suicide pact with Peeta

Short Answer

1. What is typical in the world of The Hunger Games?

The Capitol to rule over the Districts and the Districts having a moral obligation to pay their debt for their failed Rebellion to the capitol with the lives of their children.

2. What has the Capitol loaned residents of the Districts?

Their lives.

3. Why are The Hunger Games a debt and not just a general form of penance?

Because through the games the Districts’ obligation to show penance is converted into a “simple, cold and impersonal” formula for repayment

4. In the film The Hunger Games, how do The Hunger Games safeguard the future of Panem?

By reminding its residents of the costs of The Rebellion: civil war, hunger, famine, and death.

5. How does Panem demonstrate what Graeber claims is wrong with sovereign states?

  • Hierarchical: dictatorial government of the Capitol uses absolute power to rule over the Districts
  • Power corrupts social and economic relations: extracts economic wealth from the districts – turns promise of penance for The Rebellion into debt that requires payment in District children’s lives
  • Morally legitimate violence: staging of The Hunger Games

6. What drives Katniss Everdeen?

Her desire for liberty.

7. What are the two obligations that Katniss is caught between that lead her to volunteer for The Hunger Games?

  1. Obligation to protect her sister
  2. Obligation for District 12 to pay its debt to the Capitol

8. What are two key reasons that Katniss struggles to survive in The Arena?

  1. It is a highly managed soundstage – you have to know what the Capitol expects of you in order to survive
  2. A Tribute has to gain sponsors who parachute in supplies

9. Why is Katniss socially awkward?

She abhors being in debt

10. What is Katniss Everdeen’s (nearly) fatal flaw?

She confuses social obligations with calculable debts

Are we the 99%?

Multiple choice

1. OWS is an example of which sort of Anarchism?

  1. Individualist
  2. Collectivist

b. Collectivist

Short Answer

1. What is the difference between Communitarian and Individualist Anarchism?

  • Communitarian: abolish the state so communal self-administration can ensure political, social and economic equality for all
  • Individualist: abolish the state so there are no external constraints over an individual’s political, economic, or social liberty

2. What goes without saying in order for the myth “We are the 99%” to appear to be true?

Just because a person battles for their private liberties in public does not mean they are battling for the public or are constituting a new public like the 99%

3. Why is it so easy to confuse individualist anarchists with collectivist anarchists?

Because anarchism is not an ideology but more a point of intersection of several ideologies

1. Is Katniss a communitarian anarchist or an individualist anarchist?

  • Communitarian:
    • Cares about the Districts and their liberty
    • Assassinates Rebel President Coin in order to end The Hunger Games
  • Individualist:
    • Her motivation is always her wish to keep her family alive:
      • Why she enters The Hunger Games
      • Why she allows herself to become The Mockingjay
      • Why she kills President Coin – she killed her sister Prim
    • Choice of partner – Peeta – who wants quiet life, rather than Gale who wants to fight The Rebellion
  • Conclusion:
    • Katniss never wants to be a vehicle for collective political action
    • Every time she enters the public arena it is to achieve a private goal
    • Her actions may have collective effects but this does not make her a collectivist anarchist

Chapter 11

Global LGBT Studies: Are gay rights human rights and are human rights gay rights?


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The myth

Multiple Choice

1. Clinton’s speech is Kantian because it evokes the idea of:

  1. the categorical imperative
  2. perpetual peace
  3. universal humanity

c. universal humanity

2. Global LGBT studies wants to _______ the realm of what is considered ‘normal love’.

  1. restrict
  2. expand
  3. maintain

b. expand

3. Queer IR is interested in analyzing:

  1. norms
  2. subcultures
  3. sex practices

a. norms

4. Heteronormativity makes it appear as though heterosexuality were:

  1. a choice
  2. normal
  3. shameful

b. normal

5. Homonormativity describes same-sex couples as wanting:

  1. special rights and protections
  2. to become heterosexual
  3. equality with opposite-sex couples

c. equality with opposite-sex couples

6. In her speech, Hillary Clinton expands her definition of ‘normal love’ to include:

  1. love between parents and children
  2. love between people living in different countries
  3. love between members of homonormative couples

c. love between members of homonormative couples

7. What is absent from Clinton’s speech?

  1. LGBT history and opposition to heteronormativity
  2. a call for marriage equality
  3. denunciation of ‘gay conversion’ therapies

a. LGBT history and opposition to heteronormativity

8. As an international character, what does Clinton’s ‘LGBT’ help establish?

  1. a progressive international order
  2. Pride
  3. a post-Westphalian order

a. a progressive international order

Short Answer

1. Which key moves of Global LGBT studies does Queer IR reject?

  1. Defending ‘normal love’ and opposing it to ‘perverse love’.
  2. Taking the existence of LGBT people and communities as given.

2. What does the term ‘queer’ refer to?

1. Something that confounds identities but is still attached to people because of the way they perform sex, gender, and sexuality

3. Name two ways in which heteronormativity might be institutionalized.

  1. Describing normal love as occurring between a man and a woman
  2. Defining marriage as between a man and a woman
  3. Recognizing the heterosexual couple as the unit that produces children
  4. Rooting the morality of family, society, and nation in the heterosexual couple

4. Same-sex couples must have which characteristics to be considered ‘normal’ in homonormativity? Name three.

  1. Loving
  2. Monogamous
  3. Domesticated
  4. Child-rearing
  5. White
  6. Christian
  7. Cis-gendered
  8. Able-bodied
  9. bourgeois

5. According to Clinton, how might states benefit from granting rights to their LGBT populations? Name two.

  1. They might take up useful professions (doctors, teachers, farmers, bankers, soldiers, athletes)
  2. They might contribute to the nation’s economic well-being (as entrepreneurs)
  3. They might protect the nation (as police officers or soldiers)
  4. They might reproduce for the nation (by having/raising children)

6. How does Clinton characterize ‘the LGBT in the shadows’ as dangerous?

  1. Plays on (false) association between homosexuals and HIV/AIDS
  2. Someone who is beyond the reasonable bounds of sexual practices by practicing perverse sex

Essay

1. Explain why Clinton’s ‘LGBT’ is a homonormative (international) character and how this character helps to uphold international order.

1. Why homonormative?

  • Modelled on the monogamous heteronormative couple
  • Modelled on Western ideal of normality (white, cis, able-bodied)
  • Has no ties to LGBT histories and oppositional practices
  • Only wants to live and love the right way

2. How does he/she uphold international order?

  • Stands for an order in which gay rights are human rights
  • Is not dangerously foreign (like the ‘LGBT in the shadows’, who is located in Africa)
  • Is not dangerously perverse (like the ‘LGBT in the shadows’, who is associated with perverse homosexual sex)
  • Is not a threat to public health (like the ‘LGBT in the shadows’, who is associated with HIV/AIDS)

Love is Strange

Multiple choice

1. Who treats Ben and George as ‘perverse homosexuals’?

  1. the state
  2. the Church
  3. the media

b. the Church

2. Which of these is an example of either/or logics:

  1. small, medium, large
  2. neither confirm nor deny
  3. rich/poor

c. rich/poor

3. While Ben and George are mostly treated as a ‘normal loving couple’, which action is considered inappropriate and potentially ‘perverse’?

  1. Ben paining a portrait of Vlad
  2. getting married
  3. sleeping in the same bed

a.Ben paining a portrait of Vlad

1. What is typical and deviant in Love is Strange?

  1. Typical: To regard homosexuality as normal
  2. Deviant: Institutions that hold outdated views about homosexuals

2. How does Kate consider Ben and George to be both normal or perverse, and normal and perverse?

  1. Normal or perverse: She considers them normal because she sees their love as exemplary and just like any normal, monogamous heterosexual couple
  2. Normal and perverse: She considers them perverse because she accuses them of latent paedophilia.

3. Name three characteristics that make Ben and George a homonormative couple.

  1. Monogamous
  2. White
  3. Cis-gendered
  4. Middle-class
  5. Able-bodied
  6. Loving

Love is Regulated

Multiple choice

1. How does homonormativity guard against the homosexual becoming perverse?

  1. coercion
  2. solidarity
  3. regulation

c. regulation

2. In homonormativity, what is the risk of unregulated homosexuality?

  1. the wrong kind of love/perverse sex
  2. riots
  3. decadence

a. the wrong kind of love/perverse sex

Short Answer

1. What assumption about the homosexual is always implicit in heteronormativity?

That he is normal and/or perverse

2. What forms might ‘regulation’ of the perverse homosexual take? Name two.

  • Chastising latent paedophilia
  • Regulating homosexual sex within marriage
  • So-called ‘gay conversion’ therapies
  • Inequality before the law
  • Criminalization
  • Death penalty

Essay

Homonormativity restricts the right to have rights of characters like Ben and George. Explain.

  1. In homonormativity, only a small number of people and couples can be considered ‘normal’ (loving, monogamous, productive couple). The assumption of perversion always remains attached to them.
  2. Those who are not normal (or are at risk of becoming abnormal) must be regulated (through chastising, legal arrangements, or criminalization)
  3. Rights Ben and George enjoy as a homonormative couple:
    • Right to secure housing
    • Right to regular income
    • Right to healthcare
    • Right to be treated with dignity and respect by colleagues, friends, and family
    • Rights threatened when they are seen as (also) perverse:
  4. All of the above

Chapter 12

Conclusion: What does it all mean?


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How IR theory makes sense of the world

Multiple choice

1. Who or what are the fundamental actors in international politics for mainstream IR theory?

  1. individuals
  2. societies
  3. states
  4. ideologies

c. states

2. Of the theorists in this list, who is/are the only one(s) to examine war and peace in a non-traditional way?

  1. Kegley
  2. Hardt and Negri
  3. Fukuyama
  4. Huntingdon

b. Hardt and Negri

3. Mainstream IR theory is ___________-centric.

  1. North American
  2. European
  3. Asian
  4. African

a. North American

4. Mainstream IR theory is primarily:

  1. feminine
  2. masculine
  3. queer
  4. neutral

b. masculine

Short Answer

1. What three things does mainstream IR theory focus on in order to make sense of the world?

  1. Actors
  2. Contexts
  3. Interactions

2. What international interactions are important for mainstream IR theorists?

Actions by states and statespeople on questions of war and peace

3. Name two concepts or issues that drop out of or are ignored by mainstream IR theory.

  1. Ethnicity
  2. Race
  3. Class
  4. Gender

Essay

1. Choose two theories outside of the main three (realism, idealism and constructivism) that fit the criteria for mainstream IR theory and justify your choice.

  • Criteria for mainstream IR theory:
    • Actors: sovereign nation-states
    • Context in which they act: international anarchy
    • International interactions are based on issues of war and peace
  •  Jones – Gender:
    • Though this seems to honour gender it actually protects mainstream IR theory from feminist challenges
    • Enables mainstream IR to carry on making myths about states, anarchy and diplomacy
  • Fukuyama – Globalization:
    • Describes triumph of liberal capitalism
    • Seeks to explain questions of war and peace
    • Divides world into liberal and not-yet-liberal states
    • Wars will occur between these until liberalism spreads everywhere
  • Huntington – Modernization and Development Theory:
    • Roots are in Cold War – hidden agenda of security
    • His work accentuates this security agenda
    • Key concerns are nation-states, anarchy and states at war
  • Gore – Environmentalism:
    • Claims rest upon traditional idealist understanding of cooperation and conflict in anarchic world order
    • Also upon idealist economic understandings that “all good things go together” – economic growth and sustainability
  • Clinton – Global LGBT Studies:
    • Imagines international order as circulation of “normal” international characters, and anarchy as circulation of “perverse” international characters
    • Bringing “the LGBT” “out of the shadows” is a means to achieve international security

Making sense of IR theory

Multiple choice

1. When found in IR theory, unconscious or unnamed ideologies are called:

  1. IR theories
  2. IR myths
  3. IR ideologies

b. IR myths

2. What does IR theory defer and displace?

  1. the myth function itself
  2. ideologies
  3. narratives of international politics

a. the myth function itself

3. What is the effect on traditional IR theory of exposing the myth function in IR theory?

  1. strengthens it
  2. finishes it
  3. disrupts it

c. disrupts it

Short Answer

1. Name two ideological practices at work in IR theory.

  1. Ethnocentrism
  2. Racism
  3. Classism
  4. (Hetero)sexism

2. If IR myths work at the level of stories, what level does IR theory work at?

Framing those stories.

3. What “goes without saying” in IR theory?

That it is reasonable, rational and objective to narrate stories about IR theory that focus almost exclusively on sovereign nation-states in anarchy and “high political” international interactions.

The politics of the popular

Multiple choice

1. Pairing popular films with IR theory exposes IR theory as:

  1. true
  2. false
  3. a mythologized mix of fact and fiction

c. a mythologized mix of fact and fiction

Short Answer

1. What are two reasons for using popular films to rethink IR theory?

  1. Brings the story aspects into relief
  2. Presents this drama and trauma to us in contained spatial and temporal locations that we can relate to

2. Why have the chosen films and IR myths been paired up?

Because they produce and circulate the same myth.

Essay

1. Why are investigations of popular films so often relegated to the margins by IR theorists?

  • Lack of appreciation:
    • Don’t yet appreciate how the popular functions politically in relation to international politics and international theory
    • Because they don’t appreciate it they don’t take it seriously
    • Therefore they ignore popular cultural phenomena
  • Displacement:
    • Recognize how the popular functions politically
    • But also recognize how it might resist and disrupt cherished IR traditions and the myths that make them appear to be true
    • Taking the popular seriously might challenge the very framework through which IR theory tells its stories
    • Therefore work to defer, replace the popular in the realm of the frivolous before the popular displaces IR theory from the realm of the serious
  • Believing the myth:
    • IR theorists taken in by their mythologized ways of viewing the relationship between the political and the popular
    • Therefore can no longer imagine this relationship differently
    • The popular belongs in a different realm from the political

Where does all of this leave us?

Multiple choice

1. Reading IR theories and myths through popular films shows us that culture is:

  1. political
  2. anti-political
  3. apolitical

a. political