Religion and Violence

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Chapter 11 introduces the music and associated cultural activities from the Caribbean, including the islands of Haiti, Trinidad & Tobago, the Bahamas, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic. The discussions focus on the unique traditions created through the cross-cultural interaction of Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa, producing traditional, as well as many popular music styles, such as Reggae and Calypso. History is consequently an important element of the discussion throughout, particularly as it relates to the invention of the steel drum in Trinidad. Afro-Cuban sonis important to introduce here as salsa music, which draws heavily from this tradition, is discussed in a later chapter.

Key Terms

Abakwa
Arawak
Basser
Bata
Batuque
Bolero
Calypso
Canción
Capoeira
Carib
Cascara
Cha-cha
Chéqueres (also Shekere)
Cimarrons
Claves
Comparsa
Conga (also Tumbadora)
Contradanza
Cross-rhythm
Cumina
Danza (also Danzon and Danzonete)
Dub (also Dancehall)
Ekón
Ganja
Goombay
Guaracha
Guiro
Jaleo
Langaj
Lwa (also Loa)
Mambo
Maracas
Maroons
Mento
Merengue
Mummer
Orisha
Orus
Palito
Pan
Panorama
Parang
Paseo
Rada
Rake and scrape
Rasta
Rastafarianism
Reggae
Rhymer
Rock Steady
Rumba (also Rhumba)
Salsa
Shango
Ska
Soca
Son
Steel Drum
Tamboo-bamboo
Tambora
Timbales
Tumbadora (also Conga)
Tumbao
Umbanda
Zouk

Flashcards

Practice Quiz

Audio Examples

11.1

Haiti: Vodou ritual. Excerpts from “Bosou Djo Eya (Mayi rhythm)” performed by Sociètè Jour M’alongè Fòc Nan Point Dieu Devant, and “Guantanamo Song (Rara Rhythm, Southern Style),” from the recording entitled Rhythms of Rapture: Sacred Musics of Haitian Vodou. SF 40464, courtesy of Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. (p) © 1995. Used by permission.

11.2

Jamaica: Reggae “Torchbearer,” composed by Carlos Jones and performed by Carlos Jones and the Plus Band, from Roots with Culture, Little Fish Records LF02912, 2004. Used by permission of Cross Track Music, Inc.

11.3

Trinidad: Calypso. “Money is King” performed by Growling Tiger and the Trans-Caribbean All-Star Orchestra, from the recording entitled Growling Tiger: High Priest of Mi Minor—Knockdown Calypsos, Rounder 5006, 1979. Used by permission of Concord Music Group, Inc.

11.4

Trinidad: Steel band. “Jump Up,” performed by the Miami [Ohio] University Steel Band from the recording entitled One More Soca, Ramajay Records. Used by permission.

11.5

11.6

11.7

The Dominican Republic: Merengue. “Apágame la Vela (Put Out my Candle)” by Nicolá Gutierres, Porfirio Rosario and Santo Pea, from the recording entitled Raíces Latinas: Smithsonian Folkways Latino Roots Collection, SF 40470, courtesy of Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. (p) © 2002. Used by permission.

Video Links

For more world music videos, visit the World Music YouTube Channel .

Voodoo Dancing & Drumming in Haiti: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=wfYWzkm3fGI
Vodoun à Bois-de-Lance: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0L16t2QV0rs
Elegba Dance: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2icyoICx18
Katherine Dunham on “Shango”: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ab6KWufcCUw
Bob Marley - Get Up, Stand Up (Live at Munich, 1980): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RhJ0q7X3DLM
Trinidad & Tobago Carnival Tuesday Parade of Bands 2019: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfZRZMabHbc
Soca 2019: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ENK9rATmSpc
Bp Renegades Win Panorama 2019: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RixqRLVuhcA
Merengue in Santo Domingo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOBucLIuBN0

Audio Book

Coming soon...

On Your Own Time

Links and further resources

Book:: Rouget, Gilbert. Music and Trance: A Theory of the Relations between Music and Possession. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.; http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/M/bo5956162.html
Book:: McAlister, Elizabeth. Rara! Vodou, Power, and Performance in Haiti and Its Diaspora. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.; http://rara.wesleyan.edu/; http://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520228238
Audio:: Rhythms of Rapture: Sacred Musics of Haitian Vodou. Smithsonian-Folkways: SFW40464, 1995.; http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/rhythms-rapture-sacred-musics/id151593754
Popular Artists from Haiti:: Boukman Eksperyans; Boukan Ginen
Book:: King, Stephen.Reggae, Rastafari, and the Rhetoric of Social Control. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2007.; https://www.upress.state.ms.us/Books/R/Reggae-Rastafari-and-the-Rhetoric-of-Social-Control
Book:: Bradley, Lloyd.This Is Reggae Music: The Story of Jamaica's Music. New York: Grove Press, 2001.; https://groveatlantic.com/book/this-is-reggae-music/
Website:: Bob Marley — Official Website; http://www.bobmarley.com/
DVD:: The Harder They Come. Dir. Henzell, Perry. New World Pictures, 1972.; http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070155/plotsummary
Book:: Veal, Michael.Dub: Soundscapes and Shattered Songs in Jamaican Reggae. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2007.; https://www.hfsbooks.com/books/dub-veal/
Website:: Jimmy Cliff — Official Website; http://www.jimmycliff.com/
Website:: Carlos Jones — Official Website; http://www.carlosjones.com/
Popular Artists from Jamaica:: Bob Marley; Jimmy Cliff; Peter Tosh; Bunny Wailer; Toots and the Maytals; Burning Spear; Lee “Scratch” Perry; King Tubby; Steel Pulse; Desmond Dekker; Sly and Robbie
Book:: Guilbault, Jocelyne. Governing Sound: The Cultural Politics of Trinidad's Carnival Musics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007.; http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/G/bo5298970.html
Website:: National Carnival Commission of Trinidad & Tobago; http://www.ncctt.org/new/
Website:: Soca Monarch; http://internationalsocamonarch.com
Book:: Dudley, Shannon. Music from behind the Bridge: Steelband Aesthetics and Politics in Trinidad and Tobago.; https://global.oup.com/academic/product/music-from-behind-the-bridge-9780195321234?q=Carnival%20Music%20in%20Trinidad:%20Experiencing%20Music,%20Expressing%20Culture&cc=us&lang=en
Book:: Stuempfle, Stephen. The Steelband Movement: The Forging of a National Art in Trinidad and Tobago.; https://www.upenn.edu/pennpress/book/1853.html
Book:: Dudley, Shannon. Carnival Music in Trinidad: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.; https://global.oup.com/academic/product/carnival-music-in-trinidad-9780195138337?q=Carnival%20Music%20in%20Trinidad:%20Experiencing%20Music,%20Expressing%20Culture&cc=us&lang=en
Popular Artists from Trinidad & Tobago:: Lord Kitchener; Calypso Rose; Mighty Sparrow; Destra Garcia; Bunji Garlin; KMC; Arrow; David Rudder; Rikki Jai
Book:: Fernandez, Raul. From Afro-Cuban Rhythms to Latin Jazz. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2006.; https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520247086/from-afro-cuban-rhythms-to-latin-jazz
Book:: Manuel, Peter. Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae. 2nd Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2006.; http://tupress.temple.edu/book/20000000009212
Website/Audio/DVD:: Buena Vista Social Club; http://www.buenavistasocialclub.com/
Website:: Mamborama; http://www.mamborama.com/cuba_music.html
Website:: Salsa & Merengue — Cuban Son Montuno; http://www.salsa-merengue.co.uk/VidTutor/rhythm/son_phrasing_part_one.html
Audio:: Cuban Counterpoint: History of the Son Montuno. Rounder Records: R102013, 1992.; http://www.allmusic.com/album/cuban-counterpoint-history-of-the-son-montuno-r102013
Popular Artists from Cuba:: Celia Cruz; Buena Vista Social Club; Los Van Van; Haila; César “Pupy” Pedroso; Arsenio Rodriguez; NG La Banda
Book:: Austerlitz, Paul, and Robert Farris Thompson. Merengue: Dominican Music and Dominican Identity.; Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1997.; http://tupress.temple.edu/book/3334
Book:: Sellers, Julie. Merengue and Dominican Identity: Music As National Unifier. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2004.; https://mcfarlandbooks.com/product/merengue-and-dominican-identity/
Popular Artists from the Dominican Republic:: Juan Luis Gerra; Milly Quezada; Antony Santos; Fernando Villalona; Omega el Fuerte

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