1. Which of the following is a property of memory?

1. it is inherent
2. it lacks structure
3. it is redundant
4. it is emergent

2. Where does communication between neurons occur?

1. axon
2. myelin sheath
3. synapse
4. nodes of Ranvier

3. Which of the following does NOT happen in LTP?

1. the myelin sheath thins
2. dendritic connections are strengthened
3. dendritic spines grow
4. receptor sites increase

4. What happens to memories during consolidation?

1. they become unstable
2. they become more permanent
3. they become more accurate
4. consolidation does not affect memory

5. Which lobe is more involved in perception than memory?

1. occipital
2. parietal
3. temporal
4. frontal

6. When a person’s attention is not actively engaged, which system is more active?

1. the hippocampal system
2. the temporoparietal network
3. the limbic system
4. the default mode network

7. What is the function of the amygdala for memory?

1. ensuring accuracy
2. processing emotional information
3. encoding contextual cues
4. processing semantic meaning

8. Which of the following techniques is used to measure ERPs?

1. EEG
2. CT
3. PET
4. fMRI

9. Which of the following scanning techniques has good spatial but relatively poor temporal resolution?

1. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
2. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
3. Computerized Assisted Tomography (CT)
4. Event Related Potentials (ERP)

10. What is used as a proxy for brain activity in fMRI?

1. electrical activity
2. arousal level
3. blood flow
4. oxygen levels in the lungs

1. Which of the following is an example of an independent variable?

1. a person’s sex
2. whether a person’s parents are divorced
3. how much a person recalls
4. study schedule

2. What is a hypothesis?

1. an educated guess
2. a principled explanation
3. an experimental outcome
4. something manipulated by a researcher

3. What is it called when something is learned without effort?

1. deep processing
2. the generation effect
3. intentional learning
4. incidental learning

4. What type of memorization is involves connecting material to what is already known?

1. rote rehearsal
2. elaborative processing
3. mental imagery
4. generation

5. Which of the following is most likely to lead to less being remembered?

1. rote rehearsal
2. reading items out loud
3. distributed practice
4. creating mental images

6. You learn a list of words. After some forgetting, it takes much less time to relearn them. What does this demonstrate?

1. priming
2. savings
3. the enactment effect
4. the generation effect

7. One way of learning how memories are structured is/are __________.

1. implicit measures
2. cued recall
3. old-new recognition
4. adjusted ratio of clustering

8. Which word should be easiest to remember?

1. treachery
2. justice
3. bicycle
4. kindness

9. Which of the following is an indirect memory task?

1. free recall
2. word fragment completion
3. forced choice recognition
4. forced recall

10. The type of recall test most likely to detect the presence of a weak memory.

1. free recall
2. cued recall
3. forced recall
4. ecological recall

1. Iconic memory is memory for the _________ register

1. tactile
2. haptic
3. visual
4. audio

2. What is generally true about the sensory registers?

1. they are short-lived
2. they are long-lasting
3. they have a small capacity
4. they are inaccurate

3. Reconstructing an object by integrating information in iconic memory is

1. anthropomorphizing perception
2. attenuating perception
3. arthroscopic perception
4. anorthoscopic perception

4. Continuity errors in movies, such as a cup moving from one end of the frame to another after a cut, can be due to

1. change blindness
2. anorthosocpic perception
3. trans-saccadic failure
4. object file corruption

5. Touch information is stored in which sensory register?

1. postural
2. auditory
3. haptic
4. kinesthesis

6. The main cause of forgetting in short-term memory is likely __________.

1. interference
2. decay
3. inattention
4. inappropriate chunking

7. Which theory of short-term memory search says that people go through items one at a time and stop when they find the target?

1. parallel
2. serial self-terminating
3. serial exhaustive
4. serial incrementive

8. One way to reduce the __________ effect is to employ the _________ effect.

1. primacy; suffix
2. suffix; serial
3. recency; suffix
4. serial; primacy

9. Which model of serial order memory can be used to explain repetition blindness?

1. the chaining model
2. the perturbation model
3. ordinal model
4. the inhibition model

10. Which of the following models of serial order memory has the least support?

1. perturbation models
2. context-based models
3. inhibition models
4. slot-based models

1. Which of the following is a component of Baddeley’s multicomponent model?

1. the sensory loop
2. the haptic loop
3. the main control
4. the central executive

2. The finding that someone who is speaking while trying to remember words will have a reduced verbal span is an example of what?

1. word length effect
2. articulatory expression effect
3. phonological similarity effect
4. irrelevant speech effect

3. Which effect suggests that you should study in silence or while listening to instrumental music

1. word length effect
2. articulatory expression effect
3. phonological similarity effect
4. central executive interference effect

4. If you need to mentally rotate an image, what happens to the time needed to make a decision as the degree of rotation increases?

1. it takes longer
2. it takes less time
3. it does not change
4. it take less time, then increases

5. Which component of Baddeley’s multicomponent model binds information from different sources of working and long-term memory together?

1. the executive controller
2. the phonological loop
3. the visuo-spatial sketchpad
4. the episodic buffer

6. Which of the following is NOT an issue related to the central executive?

1. distraction
2. perseveration
3. interference
4. dysexecutive syndrome

6. The main difference between complex and simple span measures is that complex measures include a ________ component, while simple span measures do not.

1. distraction
2. storage
3. processing
4. implicit

7. A theory that says working memory performance is affected by how much cognitive control a person has is

1. Baddeley’s multicomponent model
2. Cowan’s embedded process model
3. Engle’s controlled attention model
4. Ebbinghaus’ retention model

8. You read a series of sentences and judge whether or not they make sense; at the same time, you try to remember the last word of each sentence. This is a/an __________ test.

1. reading span
2. comprehension span
3. operation span
4. n-back

9. You read mentally rotate letters and decide if they are mirror reversed or not; later, you indicate where the tops of the letters were. This is a/an __________ test.

1. reading span
2. comprehension span
3. operation span
4. spatial span

10. Which of the following is NOT a criticism of working memory training studies?

1. they are not valid
2. people can improve with practice
3. they are underpowered
4. they do not generalize

1. Sam is participating in an experiment on pain. Her hand is placed in an apparatus that delivers a mild shock on each trial. The shock is preceded by a flashing light. After several trials, Sam pulls her hand away when the light appears. Puling her hand away is a(n)

1. unconditioned response
2. conditioned response
3. unconditioned stimulus
4. conditioned stimulus

2. Learning that relies on the underlying causal relationship is what?

1. contiguity learning
2. contingency learning
3. stimulus-stimulus learning
4. spontaneous learning

3. After a delay, a CS is presented; the CR, which was extinct reemerges, though not as strong as it was before. What is happening?

1. higher-order conditioning
2. blocking
3. spontaneous recovery
4. savings

4. After hearing a song a few times, you begin to like it, even though you didn't have an opinion either way the first time you heard it. This is an example of _________.

1. contingency learning
2. operant conditioning
3. recovery
4. the mere exposure effect

5. Which of the following tasks relies on procedural memory?

1. learning how to play cribbage
2. knowing how to juggle
3. learning the cranial nerves
4. remembering your 15th birthday

6. What is it when prior procedural knowledge impedes the ability to learn new things?

1. interferential association
2. negative association
3. positive transfer
4. negative transfer

7. Which of the following is one of the three stages of skill acquisition in memory research?

1. associative stage
2. dissociative stage
3. implicit stage
4. declarative stage

8. Which of the following is NOT a level of skill processing in Chein and Schneider’s Triarchic theory of skill learning?

1. metacognitive
2. executive
3. cognitive control
4. representation

9. Implicit memory is driven more by _________ processing while explicit memory is driven more by _________ processing.

1. perceptual; cognitive
2. conceptual; perceptual
3. perceptual; conceptual
4. cognitive; conceptual

10. Which of the following is an example of sequence learning?

1. contextualization
2. word-stem completion
3. declarative memory
4. artificial grammars

1. What type of information do episodic memories contain?

1. events
2. motor information
3. emotions
4. general knowledge

2. Which of the following is NOT a level of representation?

1. propositional
2. unconscious
3. mental model
4. verbatim

3. What are the two types of episodic retrieval cues?

1. feature and intrinsic
2. intrinsic and extrinsic
3. extrinsic and context
4. context and feature

4. You see the same barista every week at the coffee shop. When you see her at a restaurant, you can’t remember her name, but it immediately comes back the next time you visit the coffee shop. This is an example of what?

1. encoding specificity
2. mood-congruent learning
3. state dependent learning
4. a generalized location memory

5. What happens if you continue to study after perfect recall is achieved?

1. retrieval times are increased
2. forgetting is drastically reduced
3. there is no effect on memory
4. forgetting is drastically increased

6. If you want to remember what you learn in a learning and memory class, what kind of practice is best?

1. massed
2. deliberate and elaborate
3. distributed
4. repeated

7. How long is information kept in permastore?

1. up to 3 years
2. up to 10 years
3. up to 15 years
4. 20 years or longer

8. Which type of processing helps reduce sources of interference?

1. relational
2. item-specific
3. elaborate
4. adaptive

9. Out of the words “stove,” “kitten,” “refrigerator,” and “microwave,” which will show a von Restorff effect?

1. stove
2. kitten
3. refrigerator
4. microwave

10. In a prospective memory task, you are asking people to respond whether a word describes an animal or not. In addition, they must push a button every time the animal has stripes. This secondary task is ___________.

1. focal
2. non-focal
3. activity-based
4. event-based

1. ___________ refers to whether a trace is somewhere in memory, while ____________ refers to whether the people can successfully reach the trace or not

1. Retrieval strength; availability
2. Storage strength; availability
3. Accessibility; storage strength
4. Availability; accessibility

2. Confusing something you read on a blog with something you heard on the news is an example of _____________.

1. transience
2. blocking
3. suggestibility
4. misattribution

3. ___________ refers to how well a memory is encoded

1. Retrieval strength
2. Storage strength
3. Accessibility
4. Availability

4. After studying all day, you can no longer remember what you learned in the morning. What has happened?

1. negative transfer
2. retroactive interference
3. proactive interference
4. latent inhibition

5. The fan effect is an example of

1. proactive interference
2. retroactive interference
3. associative interference
4. negative interference

6. A/an ___________ is a mental representation of an event.

1. event boundary
2. event model
3. situational reference
4. fan effect

7. Your memory for a list of words is tested. To help you out, you are given some of the words. This makes it more difficult, and you recall fewer words. What does this demonstrate?

1. hypermnesia
2. massed practice
3. part-set cuing
4. priming

8. In the retrieval practice paradigm, a list of non-practiced words from a category that was practiced are

1. RP+ items
2. RP- items
3. NRP-similar items
4. NRP-dissimilar items

9. You are told that a fire was caused by improperly stored oil, and this information is later retracted. However, you continue to make assumptions based on oil. This is an example of

1. the continued influence effect
2. the fan effect
3. directed forgetting
4. part-set cuing

1. When a concept is activated, activation spreads to related concepts. This is ________.

1. priming
2. targeting
3. trace spreading
4. semantic diffusion

2. The need to select specific semantic memories can cause related competitors to be less available. This is due to _________.

1. priming
2. semantic interconnectivity
3. inhibition
4. semantic abstraction

3. According to __________ theory, categories are determined according to a mental average of all members.

1. family resemblance
2. classical
3. prototype
4. exemplar

4. The levels of categorization that is the most general is

1. basic
2. subordinate
3. superordinate
4. graded

5. You might think that a basketball is a better member of the category ball than a football. This is an example of ________.

1. central tendency
2. graded membership
3. family resemblance
4. artifact prototyping

6. Which of the following ordered relation effects reflects people being faster at judging the relationship of two memory traces the more distant their content is to one another?

1. semantic congruity effects
2. serial position effects
3. semantic distance effects
4. semantic satiation effects

7. Which of the following ordered relation effects reflects people being faster at judging that an elephant is larger than a dog than a lion is larger than a tiger?

1. semantic congruity effects
2. serial position effects
3. semantic distance effects
4. semantic satiation effects

8. Which schema process involves people sorting out what elements are likely to be important?

1. selection
2. abstraction
3. reconstruction
4. integration

9. Which schema process involves people generating forgotten information during retrieval?

1. abstraction
2. interpretation
3. reconstruction
4. integration

10. Which of the following is NOT an account of semantic illusions?

1. people often just make a partial assessment of memory
2. people only do a cursory check of their knowledge
3. people know less than they think they know
4. inappropriate information is sometimes activated

1. Which model of memory says that a trace must exceed a certain amount of activation in order to be recognized?

1. threshold model
2. generate-recognize model
3. Tulving-Wiseman model
4. ACT

2. Which of the following is a major flaw of the generate-recognize model of memory?

1. spreading activation
2. inhibition
3. recognition failure
4. guessing

3. Which type of model of memory assumes that associative structure is a fundamental part of memory?

1. parallel distributed processing models
2. global matching models
3. network models
4. simple models

4. Which model represents relations among concepts in high-dimensional space?

1. ACT
2. MINERVA 2
3. TODAM
4. latent semantic analysis

5. Associations between concepts are represented in network theories by

1. nodes
2. activation
3. links
4. intersections

6. Which model assumes a hierarchical organization of information in memory?

1. Collins and Quillian’s
2. ACT
3. SAM
4. SARKAE

7. Which model assumes that activation is a limited resource?

1. Collins and Quillian’s
2. ACT
3. SAM
4. SARKAE

8. In the global matching model MINERVA 2, the memory trace is the _________, and its strength is the _________.

1. echo content; echo weight
2. echo; weight
3. echo; echo intensity
4. echo content; weight

9. How is learning modeled in a parallel distributed processing network?

1. change in connection weights between units
2. change in the size of units
3. increase in unit intensity
4. addition of layers

10. The two processes incorporated in most dual process models of memory are _______ and _______.

1. activation; recollection
2. familiarity; global matching
3. activation; familiarity
4. familiarity; recollection

1. Why is memory for space particularly well suited for studying memory psychophysics?

1. memory for space is derived from perceptual experience
2. several formulas are available
3. physicists have developed many ways to study space
4. space can be objectively measured and compared to memory

2. The category adjustment theory suggests that performance is a combination of both _______ and _______ memory representations.

1. fine-grained; coarse-grained
2. fine-grained; whole-grained
3. semantic; iconic
4. familiar; generalized

3. The idea that a mental map corresponds directly to the space it represents is the _______ view.

1. partially hierarchical
2. hierarchical
3. functional
4. metric

4. If a route between two locations has a large number of intervening locations, distance is likely to be ________.

1. underestimated
2. accurate
3. overestimated
4. undistorted

5. When someone takes a _______ perspective, he or she views the environment as though it were being navigated.

1. route
2. survey
3. overhead
4. spatial map

6. The scale effect happens when someone’s memory is

1. distorted with respect to where it took place in time
2. better when memory for content is improved
3. accurate at one level (e.g., day of the week) but distorted at another (e.g., month)
4. distorted so that more recent events seem distant

7. The memory age effect happens when someone’s memory is

1. distorted with respect to where it took place in time
2. better when memory for content is improved
3. accurate at one level (e.g., day of the week) but distorted at another (e.g., month)
4. distorted so that more recent events seem distant

8. Finding a memory in time based on the contents of the memory or inferences derived from the contents is using _______ factors.

1. serial order
2. relative time
3. distance based
4. location based

9. How do landmarks distort mental maps?

1. nonlandmarks are remembered as being closer to the landmark
2. nonlandmarks are remembered as being more distant from the landmark
3. landmarks are remembered as taking up less space
4. they do not

10. You read something, and it takes you longer to read about a location that is further away from the protagonist than one that is closer. This is an example of

1. forward telescoping
2. backward telescoping
3. the spatial gradient of availability
4. the semantic distance effect

1. How does recall of autobiographical memory differ from semantic memory?

1. it is slower
2. it is faster
3. it is more accurate
4. it does not differ

2. At what level of autobiographical memory would a person store a memory such as “When I was in my twenties I worked as a bartender and attended William Henry Harrison University, where I got both my undergraduate and master’s degrees in philately.”

1. event-specific knowledge
2. autobiographical interpretation
3. lifetime periods
4. general event knowledge

3. Autobiographical memories generally have a _______ structure.

1. fuzzy
2. disorganized
3. semantic
4. narrative

4. If you remember an autobiographical memory from the point of view you had during the event, you are take a/an _______ perspective.

1. observer
2. field
3. token
4. script

5. Which function of autobiographical memory is positive and other-focused?

1. reflective
2. social
3. ruminative
4. generative

6. What happens to an unusual detail of an event, according to the schema-copy-plus-tag model?

1. it is forgotten
2. referred to in the script
3. stored in a separate memory trace
4. associated with a tag

7. Remembering the central details of an emotional event at the expense of more peripheral information leads to what kind of memory?

1. flashbulb memory
2. involuntary memory
3. tunnel memory
4. spontaneous memory

8. Which of the following is NOT true about involuntary memories?

1. they are usually more positive
2. they are less emotional than voluntary memories
3. they are triggered by unique aspects of an event
4. they are more likely to be triggered by nonverbal cues

9. Which is NOT necessary for the formation of a flashbulb memory?

1. the event must be rare
2. the event must be surprising
3. the event must be important
4. the event must be negative

10. Which explanation of the reminiscence bump says that it occurs because people are better able to form and store long-term memories around the age of the bump?

1. cognitive
2. neurological
3. identity formation
4. cultural

1. Which type of source information involves knowing the details (location, what you were wearing, etc.) surrounding how a memory was acquired?

1. perceptual detail
2. contextual information
3. semantic detail
4. cognitive operations

2. If you remember that you someone told you something in a restaurant rather than at a baseball game, what sort of source information are you using to help you figure out from whom you learned something?

1. perceptual detail
2. contextual information
3. cognitive operations
4. affective information

3. Which type of source monitoring error happens because something is familiar?

1. false memory
2. cryptomnesia
3. the sleeper effect
4. false fame

4. You see a list of words including the following: web, creepy, arachnid, bite, and fly. When you recall the list, you include the word “spider” even though it was not presented. This is an example of

1. false memory
2. cryptomnesia
3. the sleeper effect
4. false fame

5. Over time, something that seemed unreasonable might seem reasonable, if the original source of the information is forgotten. This is an example of

1. false memory
2. cryptomnesia
3. the sleeper effect
4. false fame

6. A study has people imagine themselves getting lost at a fair as a child. After this, they are more likely to accept a false memory of the event due to

1. increased integration
2. the misinformation effect
3. verbal overshadowing
4. imagination inflation

7. You watch a movie about Abraham Lincoln that includes a scene in which he fights ninjas. Later on, you misremember this information as real. This is an example of

1. increased integration
2. the misinformation effect
3. verbal overshadowing
4. imagination inflation

8. What is true about the information recalled under hypnosis?

1. people report more, but a similar amount would be reported with repeated recall attempts
2. people report more, and their reports are more accurate
3. people report the same amount as they normally would
4. people report less, but their reports are more accurate

9. The finding that when people describe an event, their memory of that event is altered is called

1. verbal overshadowing
2. revelation effect
3. sleeper effect
4. memory implantation

10. Someone who has damage to the frontal lobe may be more likely to invent false memories. What is the name of this condition?

1. confabulation
2. improvisation
3. opportunicism
4. separation anxiety

1. Eyewitness memory reports can be influenced by small wording changes

1. never
2. rarely
3. with some effort
4. easily

2. Which of the following is NOT an explanation for the effects of misleading post-event information?

1. memory replacement
2. blocking
3. internal monitoring
4. source monitoring

3. What is the Easterbrook hypothesis?

1. attention is restricted to a narrow range at high levels of emotional intensity
2. attention is broadened to include more details at high levels of emotional intensity
3. memory performance is an inverted-U-shaped function as emotional intensity increases
4. none of the above

4. Which of the following describes why a person might have worse memory for an assailant’s face than for other details of the crime?

1. misleading information
2. weapon focus effect
3. line-up identification procedures
4. whether the witness is in the same context

5. When a person is highly aroused while witnessing a crime, their memory will likely be ________ for central details and ________ for peripheral details.

1. better; worse
2. better; unaffected
3. worse; unaffected
4. worse; better

6. Which of the following describes John Dean’s memory for what happened during the Watergate scandal?

1. extremely accurate
2. somewhat accurate
3. accurate for the gist
4. extremely inaccurate

7. If you repeatedly ask the same question to an eyewitness, what will be the effect on the witness’s confidence?

1. it will increase
2. it will decrease
3. it will not be effected
4. it depends on the person

8. What is one way to increase the amount of correct information a witness will recall?

1. provide motivation to remember
2. repeatedly ask the same questions
3. encourage the person to only report things he or she is confident about
4. encourage the person to think about the event from multiple perspectives

9. Identification during a lineup is most accurate when presentation is ________.

1. simultaneous
2. either simultaneous or sequential
3. sequential
4. neither simultaneous nor sequential

10. If a jury is instructed to disregard information that was inadvertently presented, even though it is accurate, what will be the fate of that information?

1. they will successfully forget it, but it will influence their decision
2. they will successfully forget it, and it will not influence their decision
3. they will remember it, and it will influence their decision
4. they will remember it, but it will not influence their decision

1. What is metamemory?

1. remembering large amounts of information
2. awareness of the contents of memory and how to control it
3. awareness of other people’s memories
4. combining different memories together

2. What is the general theory of metamemory that would suggest that people might assess whether they know the answer to a question based on how much information is activated by a question and how intense the activation is?

1. cue familiarity hypothesis
2. accessibility hypothesis
3. competition hypothesis
4. activation hypothesis

3. What type of cue that relates to judgments of learning deals with aspects of the material being learned?

1. knowing cues
2. extrinsic cues
3. intrinsic cues
4. mnemonic cues

4. An estimate of how well you’ve learned something is a ________.

1. judgment of knowing
2. feeling of knowing
3. judgment of learning
4. feeling of learning

5. What is the most effective way to spend your study time?

1. spend time learning the hardest items
2. spend time reviewing things you’ve already learned
3. spend time on the hardest and easiest items equally
4. spend time learning things that are just about your current level

6. Feelings of knowing are NOT related to

1. amount of partial information retrieved
2. the familiarity of information in the question
3. a search of a memory index
4. a controlled assessment of memory

7. What is the theory of tip-of-the-tongue states that says they occur because the search range is too broad?

1. incomplete activation view
2. complete activation view
3. blocking view
4. retrieval view

8. If you are familiar with a memory you would make a ________ judgment; if you consciously recollect learning the information, you would make a ________ judgment.

1. remember; know
2. know; remember
3. remember; recognize
4. recognize; remember

9. Thinking that things were more deterministic after they occurred than before is an explanation for

1. the knew-it-all-along effect
2. the current knowledge effect
3. the belief heuristic
4. hindsight bias

10. If you use the phrase “Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge” to remember the notes on the lines of the treble clef, you are using ________ to help her study.

1. an acronym
2. an acrostic mnemonic
3. a rhyming mnemonic
4. a peg word mnemonic

1. Measuring how quickly an infant sucks on a pacifier is an example of which method of testing infants’ memory?

1. looking method
2. elicited imitation
3. conjugate reinforcement
4. nonnutritive sucking

2. Determining whether an infant will remember how to perform an activity after allowing it to observe another person performing that activity is an example of which method of testing infants’ memory?

1. looking method
2. elicited imitation
3. conjugate reinforcement
4. nonnutritive sucking

3. An explanation for the different types of memory abilities in infants that is related to the different states of brain structures at birth is

1. the emergent self view
2. conjugate reinforcement
3. neurological development
4. multicomponent theory

4. An explanation for infantile amnesia that says several memory abilities bring about autobiographical memory is

1. the emergent self view
2. conjugate reinforcement
3. neurological development
4. multicomponent theory

5. Infants can begin making superordinate and subordinate category decisions at around ________ of age.

1. 1-2 months
2. 3-4 months
3. 10-12 months
4. 12-14 months

6. Children can show largely improved semantic memory when

1. they are very interested in the material
2. their brains reach a critical size
3. their have script-inconsistent information
4. they simplify the schemas associated with information

7. Process speed ________ as a person moves from infancy to childhood.

1. decreases
2. increases
3. stays the same
4. cannot be measured

8. Children typically start developing scripts and schemas around ________ of age.

1. 12 months
2. 3 years
3. 6 years
4. 10 years

9. What is the lack of memory for events that occurred before age 7 or so called?

1. early onset dementia
2. infantile amnesia
3. childhood amnesia
4. retrograde amnesia

10. One possible reason that people experience childhood amnesia is

1. children are more susceptible to interference
2. children are unconcerned with remembering events
3. children consolidate more memories
4. children consolidate fewer memories

1. A/an ________ study compares two different age groups by sampling them at the same time, while a/an ________ study compares two different age groups by sampling one group multiple times.

1. correlational; experimental
2. cross-sectional; correlational
3. experimental; longitudinal
4. cross-sectional; longitudinal

2. In older adults, the firing rate of neurons is

1. faster
2. slower
3. unchanged
4. less consistent

3. A consequence of reduced working memory capacity in older adults is

1. they process information too quickly
2. they process information too slowly
3. they have difficulty coordinating multiple pieces of information
4. they experience less interference

4. Older adults have difficulties with inhibition. As a result they

1. cannot organize their memories
2. remember too many related, but irrelevant memories
3. have difficulty processing memories
4. quickly forget what they were trying to remember

5. Older adults are able to ________ as well as younger adults.

1. remember details
2. bind elements of memory together
3. inhibit irrelevant memories
4. update their understanding

6. As people age ________ memory continues to improve

1. episodic
2. autobiographical
3. semantic
4. procedural

7. Older adults’ memory for the ________ representation is unaffected by aging.

1. heuristic
2. verbatim
3. propositional
4. situation model

8. Which of the following changes in Alzheimer’s dementia interferes with neurons’ axons because growths of old neural tissue degenerate the axons?

1. neurofibrillary tangles
2. demyelinization
3. amyloid plaques
4. RNA desequencing

9. Which part of the brain is suffers damage or loses neurons in Parkinson’s disease?

1. hippocampus
2. basal ganglia
3. caudate nucleus
4. occipital lobe

10. What is one of the primary memory difficulties in people with multiple sclerosis?

1. short-term memory
2. semantic memory
3. procedural memory
4. autobiographical memory

1. Amnesia is

1. the loss of memories beyond what is expected in normal forgetting
2. only a result of physical injury
3. is incurable
4. common only in younger children

2. In retrograde amnesia, newer memories are lost and older memories are relatively preserved. What is this called?

1. uniform memory loss
2. expanding memory loss
3. graded memory loss
4. contracting memory loss

3. The inability to make new memories is ________ amnesia; the inability to remember old information is ________ amnesia.

1. global; retrograde
2. anterograde; procedural
3. procedural; global
4. anterograde; retrograde

4. How long does a typical episode of transient global amnesia last?

1. 1-2 hours
2. 3-8 hours
3. several days
4. several months

5. ________ memories seem to be preserved in anterograde amnesia.

1. declarative
2. autobiographical
3. episodic
4. procedural

6. H. M.’s amnesia was caused by

1. a blow to the head in an auto accident
2. removal of the hippocampus
3. removal of the corpus callosum
4. Korsakoff’s syndrome

7. What is the main difference between psychogenic amnesia and repression in dissociative amnesia?

1. awareness of the memory loss
2. the extent of memory loss
3. shameful memories
4. a traumatic event

8. People in a fugue state have amnesia for ________ memory.

1. procedural
2. implicit
3. semantic
4. autobiographical

9. Amnesia that is caused mainly by psychological, rather than neurological, mechanisms is ________.

1. psychosomatic amnesia
2. psychogenic amnesia
3. mental amnesia
4. cognitive amnesia

10. A psychogenic amnesia in which a person may lose the ability to consciously access memory when different identities are assumed, without losing any particular identities is called what?

1. repression
2. dissociative amnesia
3. dissociative fugue
4. dissociative identity disorder