Student Resources

Learning Objectives

Chapter 1

Upon completing this chapter, you will be able to:

• Identify the earliest influences and origins of public bureaucracy.
• Explain why the American bureaucracy is constrained.
• Identify the consequences of the constraint in the context of the American government.
• Recognize the unique effects of constrained governance on America’s public administrators.
• Describe the characteristics of the paradoxical nature of the American bureaucracy.
• Explain how the power of knowledge has been harnessed in the growth of the American bureaucracy in political importance and independence.

Chapter 2

Upon completing this chapter, you will be able to:

• Describe the emergence of public administration.
• Explain the uses and dilemma of dichotomy in government from 1900 to 1926.
• Discuss the book “Principles of Public Administration” and explain why the stature of public administration soared during the principles of administration period.
• Interpret the intellectual shifts which caused the politics/administration to be questioned.
• Explain how public administration came to be viewed as part of the broader field of political science.
• Discuss the relevance of public administration as a management or administrative science.
• Recognize the reasons behind the enhanced awareness of public administration in the academic and professional field.
• Explain how public administration emerged as an autonomous field of study and practice.
• Discuss the effect of the changes in technology, communication, global economy, and the power and role of the government on the concept of governance as we know it.
• Describe the two complimentary paradigms that reinforce the existence of public administration.

Chapter 3

Upon completing this chapter, you will be able to:

• Describe the principal features of the closed model of organizations and the three schools of the closed model.
• Explain the principal features of the open model of organizations and the three schools of the open model.
• Describe the five differing assumptions that form the fundamental differences between the closed and the open models.
• Recognize organizational uncertainty and the responses towards it related to the open model and the closed model.
• Explain why for most of the twentieth century no distinction was made between the public and nonprofit organizations of the bureaucracy.

Chapter 4

Upon completing this chapter, you will be able to:

• Describe the test for efficiency, effectiveness, and society that organizations can use to judge their own social worth.
• Describe the factors that affect the use of information in organizations.
• Identify the limits of individual and organizational rationalities that affect decision-making in organizations and differentiate the factors that affect decision-making in public and nonprofit organizations.
• Recognize the importance of administration in decision making in public organizations and identify the mechanisms and tactics of administrative control.
• Describe the extent of change that can be brought by technology, government bureaucrats, and environmental forces in the public organization.
• Describe the changes in the public organization influenced by environmental forces, such as politics, pressures, prohibitions, agency’s environment, bureaucratic hierarchy, red tape, and administrative autonomy vis-à-vis the changes in the nonprofit organization influenced by environmental forces, such as organization’s location, stress, and demands.

Chapter 5

Upon completing this chapter, you will be able to:

• Identify the factors that draw people to work for the government.
• Interpret how factors such as stress level, job satisfaction, and recognition affect administrators in the public, private, and non-profit sectors.
• Describe the factors that affect the behavior of people towards their organization.
• Describe the dimensions of national culture, and patterns of geography and language that affect the behavior of people towards their organization.
• Recognize the personality types that influence the public administration.
• Describe how leaders can alter organizational behavior, describe the limits and impact of leadership, and differentiate leadership from administration.
• Explain the evolution of leadership theories through the 1900s to the present day and the impact of these theories on the organizations of their time.
• Describe the leadership patterns in the private-sector board, public-sector board, and the third-sector board, successful leadership in each sector, and the elements of leadership common to every sector.

Chapter 6

Upon completing this chapter, you will be able to:

• Explain the importance of, and challenges, and best practices in public knowledge management.
• Discuss the necessity of maintaining personal information and the federal efforts to protect privacy in public policymaking.
• Describe how cybercrimes are committed and indicate the steps taken to ensure cybersecurity by the federal government.
• List the benefits of e-gov at federal, state, and local levels.
• Explain how computers are transfiguring governing.

Chapter 7

Upon completing this chapter, you will be able to:

• List the proposals to improve the efficiency of governing, conditions which limit public productivity, and the fundamental reasons for the government’s inefficiency.
• Discuss the evolution of public productivity between 1900 and 1980 and the steps taken thereafter by a new public management to raise governmental performance.
• Identify the benefits of evaluating performance and the limitations of performance measurement at federal, state and local government levels.
• Describe the indicators and the various strategies used for performance measurement.
• Discuss the purpose, benefits, and impact of evaluating public and nonprofit programs.
• Explain the fundamental steps in practicing public program evaluation.
• Discuss how and why evaluations are useful to program administrators.

Chapter 8

Upon completing this chapter, you will be able to:

• Define the key terms related to public financing.
• Distinguish between the various types of taxes that contribute to federal revenue.
• Identify the components of state and local governments’ general revenue.
• Identify the states own sources of revenue, other than general revenue and expenditures.
• Identify the types of taxes on which state and local governments rely.
• List the features that determine the tolerability of the tax system to taxpayers.
• Identify the areas of focus for proposed tax reforms.
• Summarize the changes in budgetary formats over the years from traditional methods of state budgeting to performance-based budgeting, their benefits and limitations.
• Describe the various standing strategies and opportunistic tactics for securing budgets.
• Describe how legislatures have gained power in formulating budgets in local and state governments.

Chapter 9

Upon completing this chapter, you will be able to:

• Compare the percentages of people who want to work for government and those who are currently employed by the government.
• Describe the six phases in the evolution of public human resources management in the United States from 1789 to the present.
• Explain the merit practice of the Civil Service System and describe the duties of the governments’ human capital managers.
• Describe the deterioration in the Civil Service System and the impact of civil service reforms.
• Examine the features of the Collective System.
• Compare the political executive system in Washington with the system in the state and local governments.
• Discuss the scope of specialized public professional systems and the implications of specialized public professionalism in the bureaucracy.
• Describe the formation of the Professional Public Administration System and the three challenges of public performance management.
• Describe the evolution of the policy of affirmative action; the efforts by the federal, state, and local governments to enforce affirmative action, and the effect of these efforts.

Chapter 10

Upon completing this chapter, you will be able to:

• Discuss the evolution of public policy analysis.
• Describe these models in the incrementalist paradigm of public policymaking: elite/mass, group, systems, institutionalist, neo-institutionalist, and organized anarchy.
• Describe these models in the rational paradigm of public policymaking: rational choice, public goods and services, and technology assessment.
• Compare the incrementalist and rationalist paradigms.
• Define public strategic planning; describe strategic planning in governments and nonprofit organizations, and discuss the benefits and problems of public strategic planning.

Chapter 11

Upon completing this chapter, you will be able to:

• Identify the impulses that lead governments to collaborate with businesses and non-profit organizations in implementing public policies.
• Describe the primary purpose, policies, and perils of federal privatization, and the efforts at reforming it.
• Discuss the motivations of states to privatize and how they manage the privatization process.
• Explain why local governments are privatizing more enthusiastically than state governments.
• Discuss if and why it is more profitable for governments to contract service delivery to the private sector.
• Identify the lessons learned by public administrators when contracting with private companies.
• Explain how public enterprises are created as businesses by governments to implement their policies.
• Discuss the rise of the independent sector, the interdependence between the governments and communities with the independent sector, and the benefits of such interdependence.
• Discuss the role of volunteers and identify the benefit of vouchers and the extent of voucher use by the state and local governments.

Chapter 12

Upon completing this chapter, you will be able to:

• Explain the shared characteristics of national and state intergovernmental systems that differentiate them from unitary systems.
• Distinguish national and state responsibilities and the implied power of the courts identified in the Constitution.
• Describe the various phases of America’s intergovernmental administration within the framework of the original Constitution and by subsequent judicial interpretation.
• Explain the foundation of fiscal federalism and the various purposes of federal grants at national, state, and local levels.
• Discuss the need for regulatory controls on the recipients of federal grants, types of federal mandates, and the impact of regulatory federalism on local governments.
• Explain the impact of intergovernmental grant programs on state and local governments and the necessity to reset intergovernmental relations with grassroots.
• Define interstate cooperation and identify the four devices designed to solve common problems of states.
• Discuss the concept of “home rule” in local governments, the factors predicting intergovernmental cooperation, and slow growth of the centralization of state power.
• Explain intergovernmental service contracts and their popularity in governing at local levels.
• Explain the effect of the metropolises on public administration, and the role of ultralocalism, gargantua, city-county consolidation, and municipal annexation in metropolitan governance.

Chapter 13

Upon completing this chapter, you will be able to:

• Describe how the code of ethics was adopted by public professions, federal government, state, and local government.
• Discuss the challenges faced by public administrators while practicing ethics at federal, state and local levels.
• Express how the governments and public administrators are more effective because they maintain ethical standards.
• List the factors that determine public interest and the lack of systematic ethical practice for bureaucrats who act in the public interest.
• Explain the philosophies of public interest and the effect of these philosophies in bureaucratic decision making and public policy.
• Compare the various factors determining the ethical values of public administrators of federal government with those of the state and local government.
• Discuss the impact of the public administrators’ ethical decisions on the people.