King Arthur: Myth-Making and History

B

Babington, C. (ed.) (1865) Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden Monachi Cestrensis, London: Longman (Rolls Series).

Bachrach, B. S. (1991) ‘The question of King Arthur’s existence and of Romano-British naval operations’, The Haskins Society Journal 2: 13–28.

Baillie, M. (1999) Exodus to Arthur: Catastrophic Encounters with Comets, London: Batsford.

Barber, R. (1972) The Figure of Arthur, Harlow: Longman.

Barber, R. (1985) ‘Was Mordred buried at Glastonbury? An Arthurian tradition at Glastonbury in the Middle Ages’, Arthurian Literature 4: 37–64.

Barber, R. (2001) Legends of Arthur, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.

Barron, W. R. J. ed. and trans. (1989) Layamon. Layamon’s Arthur, Harlow: Longman.

Barron, W. R. J. (ed.) (1999) The Arthur of the English, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Barron, W. R. J. and Weinberg, S. C. (1995) Le Roman de Brut de Wace, Harlow: Longman.

Bartrum, P. C. (ed.) (1966) Early Welsh Geneaological Tracts, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Bartrum, P. C. (1983) Welsh Genealogies: A.D. 300–1400, Aberystwyth: National Library of Wales.

Bassett, S. (1992) ‘Medieval ecclesiastical organisation in the vicinity of Wroxeter, Shropshire and its British antecedents’, Journal of the British Archaeological Association 145: 1–28.

Bassett, S. (2000) ‘How the west was won: the Anglo-Saxon takeover of the West Midlands’, Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 11: 107–18.

Beddoe, J. (1885) The Races of Britain, republished 1971, London: Hutchinson.

Bede (n.d.) De Temporum Ratione, in Corpus Christianorum Series Latina CXXIIIB, Turnholt: Brepols, 461–544.

Beresford, M. and Hurst, J. G. (1971) Deserted Medieval Villages, London: Lutterworth.

Berkhofer, R. F. (1995) Beyond the great story: history as text and discourse, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

Beverley Smith, J. (1986) ‘Dynastic succession in Medieval Wales’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 33: 199–232.

Biddick, K. (1998) The Shock of Medievalism, Durham and London: Duke University Press.

Biddle, M. (ed.) (2000) King Arthur’s Round Table, Woodbridge: Boydell Press.

Bieler, L. (1979), with a contribution from Kelly, F., The Patrician Texts in the Book of Armagh, Dublin: The Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

Birch, W. de G. (1887) Cartularium Saxonicum II, London: Whiting & Co.

Birley, A. R. (2001) ‘The Anavionenses’, in N. J. Higham (ed.) Archaeology of the Roman Empire: A tribute to the life and works of Professor Barri Jones, Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 940, 15–24.

Bord, J. and Bord, C. (1976) The Secret Country, London: Paul Elek.

Boulton, D’A. J. D. (1987) The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe 1325–1520, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.

Bowman, A. (1996) ‘Post-Roman imports in Britain and Ireland: a maritime perspective’, in K. R. Dark (ed.) External Contacts and the Economy of Late Roman and Post-Roman Britain, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 97–108.

Bowman, A. K. and Thomas, J. D. (1994) The Vindolanda Writing Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses II), London: British Museum Press.

Breeze, A. (1997a) Medieval Welsh Literature, Dublin: Four Courts Press.

Breeze, A. (1997b) ‘Armes Prydein, Hywel Dda, and the reign of Edmund of Wessex’, Études Celtiques 33: 209–22.

Breeze, A. (2001) ‘Seventh-century Northumbria and a poem to Cadwallon’, Northern History 38(1): 145–52.

Brodeur, A. G. (1939) ‘Arthur Dux Bellorum’, University of California Publications in English 3: 237–84.

Bromwich, R. (1959) ‘The Welsh Triads’, in R. S. Loomis (ed.) Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 44–51.

Bromwich, R. (1961) Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Bromwich, R. (1975–6) ‘Concepts of Arthur’, Studia Celtica 10–11: 163–81.

Bromwich, R. and Simon Evans, D. (1992) Culhwch and Olwen: An Edition and study of the oldest Arthurian text, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Bromwich, R., Jarman, A. O. H. and Roberts, B. F. (eds) (1991) The Arthur of the Welsh, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Brooks, D. A. (1983–4) ‘Gildas’ De Excidio: Its revolutionary meaning and purpose’, Studia Celtica 18–19: 1–10.

Brooks, N. (1984) The Early History of the Church at Canterbury, Leicester: Leicester University Press.

Brooks, N. (1989) ‘The formation of the Mercian Kingdom’, in S. Bassett (ed.) The Origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, Leicester: Leicester University Press, 159–70.

Brown, T. and Foard, G. (1998) ‘The Saxon landscape: a regional perspective’, in P. Everson and T. Williamson (eds) The Archaeology of Landscape, Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Bruce, J. D. (1923) Evolution of Arthurian Romance from the Beginnings down to the Year 1300, Göttingen and Baltimore: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht/The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Bullock-Davies, C. (1981a) ‘ “Exspectare Arturum”: Arthur and the Messianic hope’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 29: 432–40.

Bullock-Davies, C. (1981b) ‘Chrétien de Troyes and England’, Arthurian Literature 1: 1–61.

Burton, J. H. (1873, 2nd edn) The History of Scotland, Edinburgh and London: W. Blackwood & Sons.

Bush, D. (1945) English Literature in the Earlier Seventeenth Century, 1600–1660, London.

C

Calhoun, C. (1997) Nationalism, Buckingham: Open University Press.

Camden, W. (1586) Britannia sive Florentissimorum regnorum, Angliae, Scotiae, Hiberniae, London: Radulphus Newbury.

Cameron, K. (1968) ‘Eccles in English place names’, in M. W. Barley and R. P. C. Hanson (eds) Christianity in Britain, 300–700, Leicester: Leicester University Press.

Campbell, B. (ed.) (1972) Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man, 1871–1971, London: Heinemann.

Campbell, E. (1996) ‘The archaeological evidence for external contacts: imports, trade and economy in Celtic Britain’, in K. R. Dark (ed.) External Contacts and the Economy of Late Roman and Post-Roman Britain, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 83–96.

Campbell, J. (1975) ‘The Age of Arthur’, Studia Hibernica 15: 177–85.

Campbell, J. (ed.) (1982) The Anglo-Saxons, London: Phaidon.

Campbell, J. (1986) ‘Asser’s Life of Alfred’, in C. Holdsworth and T. P. Wiseman (eds) The Inheritance of Historiography 350–900, Exeter: Exeter Studies in History 12, 115–35.

Campbell, J. (2000) The Anglo-Saxon State, London and New York: Hambledown & London.

Carley, J. (1985) ‘Appendix: The discovery of the Holy Cross of Waltham at Montacute, the excavation of Arthur’s grave at Glastonbury and Joseph of Arimathea’s burial’, in R. Barber, ‘Was Mordred buried at Glastonbury? An Arthurian tradition at Glastonbury in the Middle Ages’, Arthurian Literature 4: 37–69 (at 64–9).

Carley, J. (1994) The Irish National Origin-Legend. Synthetic Pseudohistory, Cambridge: Cambridge University, Dept. of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic.

Carr, G. (1983) William Owen Pughe, Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru ar run Bwrdd Gwybodau Cetaidd Prifysgol Cy.

Castleden, R. (2000) King Arthur: the truth behind the legend, London: Routledge.

Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (2000) Genes, Peoples and Languages, London: Allen Lane.

Cessford, C. (1997) ‘Northern England and the Gododdin Poem’, Northern History 33: 218–22.

Chadwick, H. M. (1905) Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chadwick, H. M. and Chadwick, N. K. (1932) The Growth of Literature, I, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chadwick, N. (ed.) (1958) Studies in the Early British Church, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chadwick, N. K. (1963) Angles and Britons, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Chakrabarty, D. (1994) ‘Postcoloniality and the artifice of history: who speaks for “Indian” pasts?’, in H. A. Veeser (ed.) The New Historicism, New York and London: Routledge, 342–69.

Chamberlain, H. S. (1899) Die Grundlagen des Neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, Munich: Bruckmann.

Chambers, E. K. (1927) Arthur of Britain, London: Sidgwick & Jackson.

Chapman, J. and Hamerow, H. (eds) (1997) Migrations and Invasions in Archaeological Explanation, Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series 664.

Chapman, M. (1992) The Celts: The Construction of a Myth, London: Macmillan.

Charles-Edwards, T. M. (1976) ‘Boundaries in Irish law’, in P. H. Sawyer (ed.) Medieval Settlement, Chichester: Phillimore, 83–7.

Charles-Edwards, T. (1978) ‘The authenticity of the Gododdin: an historian’s view’, in R. Bromwich and R. B. Jones (eds), Astudiaethau ar yr Hengerdd, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 44–71.

Charles-Edwards, T. M. (1991) ‘The Arthur of history’, in R. Bromwich et al. (eds) The Arthur of the Welsh, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 15–32.

Charles-Edwards, T. (1993) ‘Palladius, Prosper, and Leo the Great: mission and primatial authority’, in D. N. Dumville ed., Saint Patrick AD493–1993, Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1–12.

Churchill, Sir W. (1956–8) A History of the English Speaking Peoples, London.

Coates, R. and Breeze, A. (2000) Celtic Voices English Places: Studies of the Celtic Impact on Place-Names in England, Stamford: Shaun Tyas.

Coe, J. B. and Young, S. (1995) The Celtic Sources for the Arthurian Legend, Llanerch: Felinfach.

Cohn, N. (1967) Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.

Colgrave, B. (ed.) (1956) Felix’s Life of St. Guthlac, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Collingwood, R. G. and Myres, J. N. L. (1936) Roman Britain and the English Settlements, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Collingwood, R. G. and Wright, R. P. (1995) Roman Inscriptions of Britain, I, Inscriptions on Stone, 2nd edn, Stroud: Allan Sutton.

Collingwood, W. G. (1929) ‘Arthur’s battles’, Antiquity 3: 292–8.

Collins, H. E. (2000) The Order of the Garter 1348–1461. Chivalry and Politics in Late Medieval England, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Confino, A. (1997) The Nation as a Local Metaphor, Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press.

Constantius, Vita Germani, in B. Krusch and W. Levison (eds) (1920) Passiones Vitaeque Sanctorum Aevi Merovingici: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum Rerum Merovingicarum, VII, Hanover and Leipzig: Impensis Bibliopolii

Hahniani: 225–83.

Crawford, O. G. S. (1935) ‘Arthur and his battles’, Antiquity 9: 277–91.

Crouch, D. (2000) The Reign of King Stephen 1135–1154, Harlow: Pearson Education.

Cunliffe, J. W. (ed.) (1912) Early English Classical Tragedies, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

D

Dahlman, C. (1980) The Open Fields and Beyond, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dark, K. R. (1985) ‘The plan and interpretation of Tintagel’, Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 9: 1–18.

Dark, K. R. (1994) From Civitas to Kingdom: British Political Continuity 300–800, London: Leicester University Press.

Dark, K. R. (2000) Britain and the End of the Roman Empire, Stroud: Tempus Publishing.

Dark, S. P. (1996) ‘Palaeoecological evidence for landscape continuity and change in Britain ca A.D. 400–800’, in K. R. Dark (ed.) External Contacts and the Economy of Late Roman and Post-Roman Britain, Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 23–52.

Dark, S. P. (2000) The Environment of Britain in the First Millennium A.D., London: Duckworth.

Davies, E. (1929) Prehistoric and Roman Remains in Denbighshire, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Davies, N. (1999) The Isles: A History, London: Macmillan.

Davies, R. R. (1987) Conquest, Coexistence and Change: Wales 1063–1415, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Davies, R. R. (1994) ‘The peoples of Britain and Ireland 1100–1400. I. Identities’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (6) 4: 1–20.

Davies, W. (1979) The Llandaff Charters, Aberystwyth: The National Library of Wales.

Davies, W. (1982) Wales in the Early Middle Ages, Leicester: Leicester University Press.

Davies, W. (1990) Patterns of Power in Early Wales. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Dean, C. (1987) Arthur of England: English Attitudes to King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Deary, T. (2000) The Smashing Saxons, London: Scholastic Children’s Books.

Defoe, D. (1724–6) Tour through the Whole Island of Great Britain, ed. and abridged P. Rogers, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971.

Del Mar, A. (1900) Ancient Britain, New York: Cambridge Encyclopedia Co.

Dickens, B. (1939) ‘John Mitchell Kemble and Old English scholarship’, republished in E. G. Stanley (ed.) (1990) British Academy Papers on Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 57–90.

Dickinson, W. H. (1900) King Arthur in Cornwall, London: Longmans, Green & Co.

Ditmas, E. M. R. (1972–3) ‘Geoffrey of Monmouth and the Breton families in Cornwall’, Welsh History Review 6: 451–61.

Diverres, A. (1994) ‘Arthur in Culhwch and Olwen and in the Romances of Chrétien de Troyes’, in M. B. Shichtman and J. P. Carley (eds) Culture and the King, Albany: State University of New York Press, 54–69.

Dodgshon, R. A. (1980) The Origin of the British Field Systems: An Interpretation, London: Academic Press.

Doel, F., Doel, G. and Lloyd, T. (1998) Worlds of Arthur: King Arthur in History, Legend & Culture, Stroud: Tempus.

Dorson, R. M. (1968) The British Folklorists. A History, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Duchesne, L. (1894) ‘Nennius retractus’, Revue Celtique 15: 174–97.

Dumville, D. N. (1972–4a) ‘Some aspects of the chronology of the Historia Brittonum’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 25: 439–45.

Dumville, D. N. (1972–4b) ‘The Corpus Christi “Nennius”’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 25: 369–80.

Dumville, D. N. (1974–6) ‘The Liber Floridus of Lambert of Saint-Omer and the Historia Brittonum’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 26: 103–22.

Dumville, D. N. (1975–6) ‘“Nennius” and the Historia Brittonum’, Studia Celtica 10–11: 78–95.

Dumville, D. N. (1976) ‘The Anglian collection of royal genealogies and regnal lists’, Anglo-Saxon England 5: 23–50.

Dumville, D. N. (1976–7) ‘On the north British section of the Historia Brittonum’, Welsh History Review 8: 345–54.

Dumville, D. N. (1977a) ‘Sub-Roman Britain: history and legend’, History 62: 173–92.

Dumville, D. N. (1977b) ‘Kingship, genealogies and regnal lists’, in P. H. Saywer and I. N. Wood (eds) Early Medieval Kingship, Leeds: the editors, 72–104.

Dumville, D. N. (1977c) ‘Celtic-Latin texts in Northern England c. 1150–c. 1259’, Celtica 12: 19–49.

Dumville, D. N. (1977d) ‘Palaeographical considerations in the dating of early Welsh verse’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 27 (2): 246–51.

Dumville, D. N. (1977–8) ‘The Welsh Latin Annals’, Studia Celtica 12–13: 461–7.

Dumville, D. N. (1984a) ‘The chronology of De Excidio Brittaniae, Book I’, in M. Lapidge and D. N. Dumville (eds) Gildas: New Approaches, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 61–84.

Dumville, D. N. (1984b) ‘Gildas and Maelgwyn: problems of dating’, in M. Lapidge and D. N. Dumville (eds) Gildas: New Approaches, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 51–9.

Dumville, D.N. (1985) The Historia Brittonum: The Vatican Recension, Cambridge: Brewer.

Dumville, D. N. (1986) ‘The historical value of the Historia Brittonum’, Arthurian Literature 6: 1–26.

Dumville, D. N. (1988) ‘Early Welsh poetry: problems of historicity’, in B. F. Roberts (ed.) Early Welsh Poetry, Aberystwyth: National Library of Wales.

Dumville, D. N. (1993) Saint Patrick: A.D.493–1993, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.

Dumville, D. N. (1994) ‘Historia Brittonum: an insular history from the Carolingian Age’, in A. Scharer and G. Scheibelreiter (eds) Historiographie im frühen Mittelalter, Vienna and Munich: R. Oldenbourg.

Dunning, R. W. (1988) Arthur: The King in the West, Stroud: Alan Sutton.

E

Edel, D. (1983) ‘The Arthur of “Culhwch and Olwen” as a figure of epic-heroic tradition’, Reading Medieval Studies 9: 3–15.

Edel, D. (1984–5) ‘Geoffrey’s so-called animal symbolism and insular Celtic tradition’, Studia Celtica, 18–19: 96–109.

Edwards, N. and Lane, A. (1988) Early Medieval Settlements in Wales: AD 400–1100, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Edwards, N. and Lane, A. (eds) (1992) The Early Church in Wales and the West, Oxford: Oxbow Monograph 16.

Elton, C. (1882) Origins of English History, London: Bernard Quaritch.

F

Faral, E. (1929) La légende arthurienne: Études et documents, les plus anciens textes, 3 vols, Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion.

Faull, M. (1977) ‘British survival in Anglo-Saxon Northumbria’, in L. Laing (ed.) Celtic Survival, Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 37, 1–56.

Faull, M. L. and Stinson, M. (eds) (1986) Domesday Book Yorkshire, Vol. 2, Chichester: Phillimore.

Femia, J. V. (1981) Gramsci’s Political Thought. Hegemony, Consciousness and the Revolutionary Process, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Field, G. G. (1981) Evangelist of a Race: The Germanic Vision of Houston Stewart Chamberlain, New York: Columbia University Press.

Field, P. J. C. (1996) ‘Nennius and his History’, Studia Celtica 30: 159–65.

Finke, L. A. (1994) ‘Spenser for hire: Arthurian history as cultural capital in The Faerie Queen’, in M. B. Shichtman and J. P. Carley (eds) Culture and the King, Albany: State University of New York Press, 211–33.

Fletcher, R. H. (1906) Arthurian Material in the Chronicles, Boston: Modern Languages Departments of Harvard University.

Flower, R. (1935) ‘Laurence Nowell and the discovery of England in Tudor times’, reprinted in E. G. Stanley (ed.) (1990) British Academy Papers on Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 1–27.

Foot, S. (1996) ‘The making of Angelcynn: English identity before the Norman Conquest’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (6) 6: 25–50.

Foot, S. (1999) ‘Remembering, forgetting and inventing: attitudes to the past in England at the end of the first Viking age’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (6) 9: 185–200.

Ford, P. (1970) ‘Llywarch, ancestor of Welsh princes’, Speculum 45: 442–50.

Ford, P. K. (1977) The Mabinogi and Other Medieval Welsh Tales, London and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Foster, I. L. (1959) ‘Culhwch and Olwen and Rhonabwy’s Dream’, in R. S. Loomis (ed.) Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 31–43.

Foucault, M. (1977) Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews, with an introduction by D. F. Bouchard, Oxford: Blackwell.

Fox, Sir C. (1955) Offa’s Dyke: a field survery of the western frontier works of Mercia in the seventh and eighth centuries, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Frantzen, A. J. (1990) Desire for Origins. New Language, Old English and teaching the tradition, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.

Frantzen, A. J. and Niles, J. D. (1997) Anglo-Saxonism and the Construction of Social Identity, Gainesville: University Press of Florida.

Freeman, E. A. (1860) ‘The continuity of English history’, Edinburgh Review, reprinted in E. A. Freeman (1872) Historical Essays, London: Macmillan.

Freeman, E. A. (1869) Old English History for Children, London: Macmillan.

Frere, S. S. (1967) Britannia, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; 3rd edn, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987.

Fulford, M., Handley, M. and Clark, A. (2000) ‘An early date for Ogham: the Silchester Ogham Stone rehabilitated’, Medieval Archaeology 44: 1–24.

G

Gairdner, J. (ed.) (1858) Memorials of King Henry VII, London.

Gardner, R. (1995) ‘Gildas’s New Testament models’, Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 30: 1–12.

Garrison, M. (2000) ‘The Franks as the New Israel’, in Y. Hen and M. Innes (eds) The Uses of the Past in the Early Middle Ages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 114–61.

Geary, P. (1983) ‘Ethnic identity as a situational construct in the early middle ages’, Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien 113: 15–26.

Geary, P. (1988) Before France and Germany: The Creation and Transformation of the Merovingi, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Geary, P. (1994) Phantoms of Remembrance, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

Gelling, M. (1988) Signposts to the Past: Place-names and the history of England, 2nd edn, London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd.

Gelling, M. (1992) The West Midlands in the Early Middle Ages, London: Leicester University Press.

Gerould, G. H. (1927) ‘King Arthur and politics’, Speculum 2: 33–51.

Gibbon, E. (1776–88) The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. J. B. Bury (1901), 8 vols, London: Methuen.

Gilbert, A. with Wilson, A. and Blackett, B. (1998) The Holy Kingdom: The Quest for the Real King Arthur, London: Bantam Press.

Gillies, W. (1981) ‘Arthur in Gaelic tradition. Part I: folktales and ballads’, Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 2: 47–72.

Gillies, W. (1982) ‘Arthur in Gaelic tradition. Part II: romances and learned lore’, Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 3: 41–75.

Gillingham, J. (1991) ‘The context and purposes of Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of the Kings of England’, Anglo-Norman Studies 13: 99–118.

Goffart, W. (1983) ‘The supposedly “Frankish” Table of Nations: an edition and study’, Frühmittelalterliche Studien 17: 98–130.

Goffart, W. (1988) The Narrators of Barbarian History (AD 550–800), Princeton, N.J. and Guildford: Princeton University Press.

Goffart, W. (1990) ‘The Historia Ecclesiastica: Bede’s agenda and ours’, Haskins Society Journal 2: 29–46.

Grabowski, K. and Dumville, D. (1984) Chronicles and annals of medieval Ireland and Wales: the Clonmacnoise-group, Woodbridge: Boydell Press.

Gray, H. L. (1915) English Field Systems, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Green, J. R. (1877) The History of the English People, London: Macmillan.

Green, J. R. (1881) The Making of England, London: Macmillan.

Green, J. R. (1883) The Conquest of England, London: Macmillan.

Green, T. (1998) ‘The historicity and historicisation of Arthur’, <http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~tomgreen/arthur.html>.

Griscom, A. (1929) The Historia Regum Britanniae of Geoffrey of Monmouth, London: Longman, Green & Co.

Gruffydd, R. C. (1989–90) ‘From Gododdin to Gwynedd: reflections on the story of Cunedda’, Studia Celtica 24–5: 1–14.

H

Hamerow, H. (1994) ‘Migration theory and the migration period’, in B. Vyner (ed.) Building on the Past: Papers Celebrating 150 Years of the Royal Archaeological Institute, London: Royal Archaeological Institute, 163–77.

Hamerow, H. (1997) ‘Migration theory and the Anglo-Saxon “identity crisis”’, in J. Chapman and H. Hamerow (eds) Migrations in Archaeological Explanations, Oxford, British Archaeological Reports International Series 664, 33–44.

Hammer, J. (1946) Les Sources de Geoffrey de Monmouth Historia Regum, Brussels.

Handley, M. A. (2001) ‘The origins of Christian commemoration in late antique Britain’, Early Medieval Europe 10.2: 177–200.

Hanning, R. W. (1966) The Vision of History in Early Britain, New York and London: Columbia University Press.

Hargie, O., Saunders, C. and Dickinson, D. (1994) Social Skills in Interpersonal Communication, 3rd edn, London: Routledge.

Härke, H. (1997) ‘Material culture as myth: weapons in Anglo-Saxon graves’, in C. K. Jensen and K. H. Nielsen (eds) Burial and Society: The Chronological and Social Analysis of Archaeological Data, Oakhouse, Connecticut: Aarhus University Press.

Härke, H. (1998) ‘Archaeologists and migrations. A problem of attitude?’, Current Anthropology 39, 1: 19–45.

Haverfield, F. (1912) The Romanization of Roman Britain, 2nd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hawkes, S. C. (1989) ‘The South-East after the Romans: the Saxon settlement’, in

V. A. Maxfield (ed.) The Saxon Shore: a handbook, Exeter: Exeter University Press Studies in History 25, 78–95.

Hay, D. (1950) The Anglica historia of Polydore Vergil, London: Camden Society 3rd Series, 74.

Hay, D. (1952) Polydore Vergil: Renaissance Historian and Man of Letters, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Hearne, T. (ed.) (1727) Adam de Domerham Historia de rebus gestis Glastoniensibus 2 vols, Oxford: Theatre Sheldon.

Hehir, B. O. (1988) ‘What is the Gododdin?’, in B. F. Roberts (ed.) Early Welsh Poetry, Aberystwyth: National Library of Wales.

Hen, Y. and Innes, M. (eds) (2000) The Uses of the Past in the Early Middle Ages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Henken, E. R. (1987) Traditions of the Welsh Saints, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.

Hieatt, A. K. (1988) ‘The passing of Arthur in Malory, Spenser and Shakespeare: the avoidance of closure’, in C. Baswell and W. Sharpe (eds) The Passing of Arthur: New Essays in Arthurian Tradition, New York and London: Garland, 173–92.

Higham, N. J. (1986) The Northern Counties to A.D. 1000, Harlow: Longman.

Higham, N. J. (1991) ‘Old light on the Dark Age landscape: the description of Britain in the De Excidio Britanniae of Gildas’, Journal of Historical Geography 17: 363–72.

Higham, N. J. (1992a) Rome, Britain and the Anglo-Saxons, London: Seaby.

Higham, N. J (1992b) ‘Medieval “overkingship” in Wales: the earliest evidence’, Welsh History Review 16, 2: 145–59.

Higham, N. J. (1993a) The Kingdom of Northumbria, AD350–1100, Stroud: Alan Sutton.

Higham, N. J. (1993b) The Origins of Cheshire, Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Higham, N. J (1994) The English Conquest: Gildas and Britain in the Fifth Century, Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Higham, N. J. (1995) An English Empire: Bede and the early Anglo-Saxon Kings, Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Higham, N. J. (1997) The Convert Kings: Power and religious affiliation in early Anglo-Saxon England, Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Higham, N. J. (1998) ‘The Saxon Conquests in Britain: literary evidence and the case for acculturation in the formation of Anglo-Saxon England’, Sonderdruck aus Studien zur Sachsenforschung 11: 135–44.

Higham, N. J. (2001a) ‘Britons in Northern England in the Early Middle Ages: through a thick glass darkly’, Northern History 38.1: 5–25.

Higham, N. J. (2001b) ‘Bancornaburg: Bangor-is-y-coed revisited’, in N. J. Higham (ed) Archaeology of the Roman Empire: A tribute to the life and works of Professor Barri Jones, Oxford, British Archaeological Reports International Series 940, 311–18.

Hill, D. (1985) ‘The construction of Offa’s Dyke’, Antiquaries Journal 65: 140–2.

Hill, D. (2000) ‘Offa’s Dyke: Pattern and Purpose’, Antiquaries Journal 80: 195–206.

Hill, D. and Worthington, M. (eds) (forthcoming) Æthelbald and Offa.

Hines, J. (1984) The Scandinavian Character of Anglian England in the pre-Viking Period, Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, British Series 124.

Hines, J. (1990) ‘Philology, archaeology and the adventus Saxonum vel Anglorum’, in A. Bammesberger and A. Wollman (eds) Britain 400–600: Language and History, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 17–36.

Hingeston, F. C. (ed.) (1858) The Chronicle of England by John Capgrave, London: Longman (Rolls Series).

Hobsbawm, E. and Ranger, T. (1983) The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hodges, R. (1989) The Anglo-Saxon Achievement, London: Duckworth.

Hodgkin, R. H. (1935) A History of the Anglo-Saxons, 2 vols, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hogg, A. H. A. and King, D. J. C. (1963) ‘Early castles in Wales and the Marches’, Archaeologia Cambrensis 112: 77–124.

Hood, A. B. E. (ed.) (1978) St Patrick, His Writings and Muirchu’s Life, London and Chichester: Phillimore.

Hopper, V. F. (1939) Medieval Number Symbolism. Its Sources, Meaning and Influence on Thought and Expresson, New York: Cooper Square Publishers.

Hosmer, J. K. (1890) A Short History of Anglo-Saxon Freedom, London.

Houwen, L. A. J. R. and MacDonald, A. A. (eds) (1996) Bede Venerabilis: Historian, Monk and Northumbrian, Groningen: E. Forsten.

Howlett, D. (1992) ‘Orationes Moucani: early Cambro-Latin prayers’, Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 24: 55–74.

Howlett, D. (1998) Cambro-Latin Compositions: Their Competence and Craftsmanship, Dublin: Four Courts Press.

Hughes, K. (1973) ‘The Welsh Latin chronicles; Annales Cambriae and related texts’, Proceedings of the British Academy 59: 233–58.

Hughes, K. (1980) Celtic Britain in the Early Middle Ages in Scottish and Welsh Sources, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.

Hughes, K. (1981) ‘The Celtic Church: is this a valid concept’, Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 1: 1–20.

Hume, D. (1754–62) The History of England. 6 vols, London: Longman, new edn 1848.

Hutchinson, J. and Smith, A. D. (eds) (1996) Ethnicity, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

I

Isaac, G. R. (1998) ‘Gweith Gwen Ystrat and the northern heroic age of the sixth century’, Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 36: 61–70.

Isaac, G. R. (1999) ‘Readings in the history and transmission of the Gododdin’, Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 37: 55–78.

J

Jackson, K. H. (1938) ‘Nennius and the twenty-eight cities of Britain’, Antiquity 12: 44–55.

Jackson, K. H. (1945) ‘Once again Arthur’s battles’, Modern Philology 43: 44–57.

Jackson, K. H. (1949) ‘Arthur’s Battle of Breguoin’, Antiquity 23: 48–9.

Jackson, K. H. (1953) Language and History in Early Britain, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Jackson, K. H. (1959a) ‘The Arthur of history’, in R. S. Loomis (ed.) Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1–11.

Jackson, K. H. (1959b) ‘Arthur in early Welsh verse’, in R. S. Loomis (ed.) Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 12–19.

Jackson, K. H. (1969) The Gododdin: The Oldest Scottish Poem, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Jackson, K. H. (1982) ‘Varia: II. Gildas and the names of the British princes’, Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 3: 30–40.

James, E. (2001) Britain in the First Millennium, London: Arnold.

Jarman, A. O. H. (1960) The Legend of Merlin, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Jarman, A. O. H. (1978) ‘Early stages in the development of the Myrddin legend’, in R. Bromwich and R. Brinley Jones (eds) Astudiaethau ar yr Hengerdd, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 326–49.

Jarman, A. O. H. (ed. and trans.) (1988) Aneirin. Y Gododdin, Llandysul: Gomer Press.

Jarman, A. O. H. (1989–90) ‘The Arthurian allusions in the Book of Aneirin’, Studia Celtica 24–5: 15–25.

Jarrett, M. G. (1983) ‘Magnus Maximus and the end of Roman Britain’, Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion Transactions, 22–35.

Jenkins, R. (1996) Social Identity, London: Routledge.

Jenkins, R. (1997) Rethinking Ethnicity, London: Sage Publications.

Jones, E. (1784) Musical and Poetical Relicts of the Welsh Bards, Llundain.

Jones, E. (1998) The English Nation. The Great Myth, Stroud: Sutton Publishing.

Jones, G. D. B. and Mattingly, D. (1990) An Atlas of Roman Britain, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

Jones, M. (1986) England Before Domesday, London: Batsford.

Jones, M. E. (1996) The End of Roman Britain, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.

Jones, M. J. (1994) ‘St Paul-in-the-Bail, Lincoln: Britain in Europe?’, in K. Painter (ed.) ‘Churches Built in Ancient Times’: Recent Studies in Early Christian Archaeology, London: Society of Antiquaries of London, 325–47.

Jones, M. J. (2001) ‘Early Christian archaeology in Europe: some recent research’, in N. J. Higham (ed.) Archaeology of the Roman Empire. A tribute to the life and works of Professor Barri Jones, Oxford, British Archeological Reports International

Series 940, 319–34.

Jones, O., Williams, E. and Pughe, W. D. (eds) (1801–7) Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales, Denbigh: Thomas Gee.

Jones, S. (1997) The Archaeology of Ethnicity, London: Routledge.

Jones, T. (ed. and trans.) (1952) Brut Y Tywysogyon or the Chronicle of the Princes, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Jones, T. (1964) ‘The early evolution of the legend of Arthur’, Nottingham Medieval Studies 8: 3–21.

Jones, T. (ed. and trans.) (1971) Brenhinedd Y Saesson or the Kings of the Saxons, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

K

Kay, S. (1997) ‘Who was Chrétien de Troyes?’, Arthurian Literature 15: 1–35.

Kemble, J. M. (1849) The Saxons in England, 2 vols, London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans.

Kendrick, T. D. (1950) British Antiquity, London: Methuen.

Keynes, S. (1990) ‘Changing faces: Offa, King of Mercia’, History Today 40.11: 14–19.

Keynes, S. (1995) ‘England, 700–900’, in R. McKitterick (ed.) The New Cambridge Medieval History, II, 700–900, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 18–42.

Keynes, S. and Lapidge, M. (eds and trans.) (1983) Alfred the Great, Asser’s Life of King Alfred and Other Contemporary Sources, Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Kingsley, C. (1867) ‘The Ancien Regime’, in The Works of Charles Kingsley. Vol. 17, Historical Lectures and Essays, London: Macmillan, 1880, 135–234.

Kirby, D. P. (1966) ‘Bede’s native sources for the Historia Ecclesiastica’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 48: 341–71.

Kirby, D. P. (1976) ‘British dynastic history in the pre-Viking period’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 27: 81–114.

Kirby, D. P. (1976–7) ‘Hywel Dda: Anglophil?’, Welsh History Review 8: 1–13.

Kirby, D. P. (1977) ‘Welsh bards and the border’, in A. Dornier (ed.) Mercian Studies, Leicester: Leicester University Press, 31–42.

Kirby, D. P. (1979–80) ‘King Ceolwulf of Northumbria and the Historia Ecclesiastica’, Studia Celtica 14–15: 168–73.

Kirby, D. P. (1991) The Earliest English Kings, London: Unwin Hyman.

Kirby, D. P. and Williams, J. E. C. (1975–6) ‘Review of The Age of Arthur, J. Morris’, Studia Celtica 10–11: 454–86.

Knight, J. (1992) ‘The early Christian Latin inscriptions in Britain and Gaul’, in N. Edwards and A. Lane (eds), The Early Church in Wales and the West, Oxford: Oxbow, 45–50.

Knight, J. K. (1995) ‘Penmachno revisited: the Consular Inscription and its context’, Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 29: 1–10.

Knight, J. K. (1996) ‘Seasoned in salt: Insular-Gaelic contacts in the early memorial stones and cross slabs’, in K. R. Dark (ed.) External Contacts and the Economy of Late Roman and Post-Roman Britain, Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 109–20.

Knight, J. K. (1999) The End of Antiquity, Stroud: Tempus Publishing.

Knox, R. (1850) The Races of Man, a Fragment, London: H. Renshaw.

Koch, J. T. (1985–6) ‘When was Welsh literature first written down?’, Studia Celtica 20–1: 43–66.

Koch, J. T. (1996) ‘The Celtic lands’, in N. J. Lacy (ed.) Medieval Arthurian Literature: A Guide to Recent Research, New York: Garland Publishing, 239–322.

Koch, J. T. (1997) The Gododdin of Aneirin. Text and Context from Dark-Age Northern Britain, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Koebner, R. (1953) ‘“The Imperial Crown of the Realm”: Henry VIII, Constantine the Great and Polydore Vergil’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 26: 29–53.

L

Lacy, N. J. et al. (1996) The Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York, Garland Publishing.

Lapidge, M. (1984) ‘Gildas’s education and the Latin culture of sub-Roman Britain’, in M. Lapidge and D. Dumville (eds) Gildas: New Approaches, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 27–50.

Lapidge, M. and Dumville, D. (eds) (1984) Gildas: New Approaches, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.

Lappenberg, J. M. (1845) History of England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings, trans. B. Thorpe, 2 vols, London: John Murray.

Leckie, R. W. (1981) The Passage of Dominion: Geoffrey of Monmouth and the Periodization of Insular History in the Twelfth Century, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Leeds, E. T. (1945) ‘The distribution of the Angles and Saxons archaeologically considered’, Archaeologia 19: 1–106.

Lewis, C., Mitchell-Fox, P. and Dyer, C. C. (1997) Village, Hamlet and Field: Changing Medieval Settlements in Central England, Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Leyland, J. (1535–43) The Itinerary, ed. L. T. Smith, 1964, 5 vols, London: Centaur Press.

Lindahl, C. (1998) ‘Three ways of coming back: folklore perspectives on Arthur’s return’, in D. N. Mancoff (ed.) King Arthur’s Modern Return, New York and London: Garland Publishing, 13–29.

Littleton, C. S. and Malcor, L. A. (1994) From Scythia to Camelot: A Radical Reassessment of the Legends of King Arthur, the Knights of the Round Table and the Holy Grail, New York, Garland Publishing.

Lloyd, J. E. (1911) A History of Wales, 2 vols, London: Longmans.

Loomis, C. G. (1933) ‘King Arthur and the Saints’, Speculum 8: 478–82.

Loomis, R. S. (1953) ‘Edward I, Arthurian enthusiast’, Speculum 28: 114–27.

Loomis, R. S. (ed.) (1959) Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Lot, F. (1934) Nennius et L’Histoire Brittonum, Étude Critique, Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion.

Loth, J. (1930) ‘L’“Historia Brittonum” dite “de Nennius”’, Revue Celtique 51: 1–31.

Loyon, A. (1960–70) Sidonius Apollinaris Poèmes – Lettres, 3 vols, Paris.

M

Mac Airt, S. and Mac Niocaill, G. (eds) (1983) The Annals of Ulster to AD 1131: Part I: Text and Translation, Dublin: Institute for Advanced Studies.

Macalister, R. A. S. (1922) ‘Notes on some of the early Welsh inscriptions’, Archaeologia Cambrensis 7.2: 198–219.

Macalister, R. A. S. (1928) ‘The ancient inscriptions of Wales’, Archaeologia  Cambrensis 7.8: 285–315.

Macalister, R. A. S. (1935) contribution to ‘Excursion Report’, Archaeologia Cambrensis 90: 330–3.

Macalister, R. A. S. (1945) Corpus Inscriptionum Insularum Celticarum, Dublin: The Stationery Office.

Macaulay, C. (1763) The History of England from the Accession of James I to that of the Brunswick Line, 5 vols, London: J. Nourse.

Macaulay, T. B. (1848) The History of England, 4 vols, London.

MacCullough, J. A. (1911) The Religion of the Ancient Celts, Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark.

MacDougall, H. A. (1982) Racial Myth in English History, Montreal, Hanover New England and London: Harvest House.

Macnamara, N. C. (1900) Origin and Character of the British People, London: Smith, Elder & Co.

MacQueen, J. (1990) St. Nynia, Edinburgh: Polygon.

Maitland, F. W. (1897) Domesday Book and Beyond: Three Essays in the Early History of England, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Malone, K. (1924) ‘The historicity of Arthur’, The Journal of English and Germanic Philology 23: 463–91.

Malone, K. (1925) ‘Artorius’, Modern Philology 22: 367–74.

Mancoff, D. N. (1990) The Arthurian Revival in Victorian Art, New York: Garland Publishing.

Mancoff, D. N. (ed.) (1998) King Arthur’s Modern Return, New York and London: Garland Publishing.

Mandler, P. (2000) ‘“Race” and “nation” in mid-Victorian thought’, in S. Collini, R. Whatmore and B. Young (eds) History, Religion and Culture: British Intellectual History 1750–1950, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Martin, J. (1998) Gramsci’s Political Analysis: A critical introduction, New York: St Martin’s Press.

Marwick, A. (1998) The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy and the United States, Oxford: Oxford Unversity Press.

Masefield, J. (1947) Badon Parchments, London: Heinemann.

Mattingly, D. (ed.) (1997) Dialogues in Imperialism: Power, discourse and discrepant experience in the Roman Empire, Portsmouth: Journal of Roman Archaeology Suppl. Vol. 23.

Maund, K. L. (1998) ‘Dynastic segmentation and Gwynedd c. 950–c. 1000’, Studia Celtica 32: 155–68.

Maund, K. L. (2000) The Welsh Kings: The Medieval Rulers of Wales, Stroud: Tempus.

Mawer, C. F. (1995) Evidence for Christianity in Roman Britain. The Small Finds, Oxford: British Archaeological Reports British Series 243.

McCann, W. J. (1991) ‘The Welsh view of the Normans in the eleventh and twelfth centuries’, Honourable Society of Cymmroddorian Transactions, 39–67.

McKee, H. (2000) ‘Scribes and glosses from Dark Age Wales: the Cambridge Juvencus manuscript’, Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 39: 1–22.

McKenna, M. (1984) ‘The Breton literary tradition’, Celtica 16: 35–51.

McKitterick, R. (1997) ‘Constructing the past in the Early Middle Ages: the case of the Royal Frankish Annals’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (6) 7: 101–30.

Megaw, R. and Megaw, V. (1997) ‘Do the ancient Celts still exist? An essay on identity and contextuality’, Studia Celtica 31: 107–23.

Metcalf, D. M. (ed.) (1987) Coinage in Ninth-Century Northumbria, Oxford, British Archaeological Reports British Series 180.

Miller, M. (1975a) ‘Bede’s use of Gildas’, English Historical Review 90: 241–61.

Miller, M. (1975b) ‘Historicity and the pedigree of the North Countrymen’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 26: 255–80.

Miller, M. (1975c) ‘The commanders at Arthuret’, Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society Transactions NS 75: 96–118.

Miller, M. (1975–6) ‘Date-guessing and pedigrees’, Studia Celtica 10–11: 96–109.

Miller, M. (1976–7) ‘Starting to write history: Gildas, Bede and “Nennius”’, Welsh History Review 8: 456–65.

Miller, M. (1977–8) ‘Date-guessing and Dyfed’, Studia Celtica 12–13: 33–61.

Miller, M. (1980) ‘Consular years in the Historia Brittonum’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 29: 17–34.

Millett, M. (1990) The Romanization of Britain, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Milton, J. (1639) Britain under Trojan, Roman, Saxon Rule, printed in Kennet’s England (1719), reprinted 1870, London: Alex. Murray & Son.

Moffat, A. (1999) Arthur and the Lost Kingdoms, London: Weidenfeld & Nicholson.

Moisl, H. (1980–2) ‘A sixth century reference to the British Bardd’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 29: 269–73.

Mommsen, T. (ed.) (1891–8) Chronica Minora saec IV, V, VI, VII, 3 vols, III, 111–222, Berlin: Weidmann.

Mommsen, T. (ed.) (1894) Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctorum Antiquissimorum, xii, 1, De Excidio et Conquestu Brittaniae. Berlin: Weidmann.

Morris, C. D. and Harry, R. (1997) ‘Excavations on the Lower Terrace, Site C Tintagel Island 1990–94’, Antiquaries Journal 77: 1–144.

Morris, J. (1973) The Age of Arthur, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

Morris, J. (ed.) (1980) Nennius, The British History and the Welsh Annals, London and Chichester: Phillimore.

Murphy, G. (1953) Duanaire Finn, III, London: Irish Texts Society, 43.

Murphy, P. (1994) ‘The Anglo-Saxon Landscape and rural economy: some results from sites in East Anglia and Essex’, in J. Rackham (ed.) Environment and Economy in Anglo-Saxon England, York: Council for British Archaeology

Research Report 89.

Mynors, R. A. B., Thomson, R. M. and Winterbottom, M. (eds) (1998) William of Malmesbury Gesta Regum Anglorum, Vol 1, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Myres, J. N. L. (1969) Anglo-Saxon Pottery and the Settlement of England, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Myres, J. N. L. (1986) The English Settlements, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Mytum, H. (1992) The Origins of Early Christian Ireland, London: Routledge.

N

Nash-Williams, V. E. (1938) ‘Some dated monuments of the “Dark Ages” in Wales’, Archaeologia Cambrensis 93: 31–56.

Nash-Williams, V. E. (1950) The Early Christian Monuments of Wales, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Nastali, D. (1999) ‘Arthur without fantasy: Dark Age Britain in recent historical fiction’, Arthuriana 9: 5–22.

Nicholas, T. (1868) The Pedigree of the English People, London: C. Kegan Paul & Co.

Nickel, H. (1975) ‘The dawn of chivalry’, Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 32: 150–2.

Noble, F. (1983) Offa’s Dyke Reviewed, Oxford, British Archeaological Reports British Series 114.

Nowakowski, J. A. and Thomas, C. (1990) Excavations at Tintagel Parish Churchyard, Cornwall, Spring 1990, Truro: Cornwall Archaeological Unit.

O

Oergel, M. (1998) ‘The redeeming Teuton: nineteenth-century notions of the “Germanic” in England and Wales’, in G. Cubitt (ed.) Imagining Nations, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 75–91.

Ó hÓgáin, D. (1988) Fionn mac Cumhaill: Images of the Gaelic Hero, Dublin: Gill & Macmillan.

Ó hÓgáin, D. (1999) The Sacred Isle: Belief and Religion in Pre-Christian Ireland, Woodbridge and Cork: Boydell Press/Collins Press.

Oman, C. (1895) History of England, London: Edward Arnold.

O’Reilly, R. (1995) ‘Introduction’, in S. Connolly (ed. and trans.) Bede: On the Temple, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, xvii–lv.

Ormrod, W. M. (1990) The Reign of Edward III. Crown and Political Society in England 1327–1377, New Haven and London: Yale University Press.

Orosius: Orose Histoires (Contre Les Païens), ed. M.-P. Arnaud-Lindet (1990–1), Paris: Les Belles Lettres.

O’Sullivan, T. D. (1978) The De Excidio of Gildas, its Authenticity and Date, Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Owen, W. (1803) A Dictionary of the Welsh Language, Rhagymadrodd.

P

Padel, O. (1984) ‘Geoffrey of Monmouth and Cornwall’, Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 8: 1–28.

Padel, O. (1985) Cornish Place Name Elements, Nottingham: English Place Name Society.

Padel, O. (1994) ‘The nature of Arthur’, Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 27: 1–31.

Padel, O. (1995) ‘Recent work on the origins of the Arthurian legend: a comment’, Arthuriana 5.3: 103–14.

Padel, O. J. (1998) ‘A new study of the Gododdin’, Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 35: 45–55.

Padel, O. (2000) Arthur in Medieval Welsh Literature, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Parrins, M. J. (1996) ‘Modern Arthurian scholarship’, in N. J. Lacy (ed.) The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, New York and London: Garland Publishing, 402–11.

Parsons, D. (1997) ‘British *Caraticos, Old English Cerdic’, Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 33: 1–8.

Palgrave, Sir F. (1837) History of the Anglo-Saxons, London: John Murray.

Patterson, L. (1987) Negotiating the Past: The Historical Understanding of Medieval Literature, Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.

Peters, E. (ed.) (1974) Paul the Deacon: History of the Lombards, trans. W. D. Foulke, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Phillips, G. and Keatman, M. (1993) King Arthur: The True Story, London: Arrow Edition.

Phythian-Adams, C. (1996) Land of the Cumbrians. A study in British provincial origins A.D.400–1120, Aldershot: Scolar Press.

Plummer, C. (1896) Venerabilis Bedae opera Historica, 2 vols, Oxford: Clarendon Press for Oxford University Press.

Pohl, W. (1998) ‘Ethnicity in Early Medieval studies’, in L. K. Little and B. H. Rosenwein (eds) Debating the Middle Ages, Oxford: Blackwell, 15–24.

Pohl, W. with Reimitz, H. (eds) (1998) Strategies of Distinction: The Construction of Ethnic Communities, 300–800, Leiden: Brill.

Price, C. A. (1984) Henry Purcell and the London Stage, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Price, J. V. (1968) David Hume, New York: Twayne Publishers.

Price, Rev. T. (1829) An Essay on the Physiognomy and Physiology of the Present Inhabitants of Britain with Reference to their Origin as Goths and Celts, London: J. Rodwell.

Q

N/A

R

Rahtz, P. (1993) English Heritage Book of Glastonbury, London: Batsford.

Ralegh Radford, C. A. (1952–3) ‘Locus Maponi’, Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society 3rd Series, 31: 35–8.

Ralegh Radford, C. A. and Hemp, W. J. (1957) ‘The Cross-Slab at Llanrhaiadr-ym-Mochnant’, Archaeologia Cambrensis 56: 109–16.

Reid, H. (2001) Arthur the Dragon King: The Barbarian Roots of Britain’s Greatest Legends, London: Headline.

Rhyˆs, Sir J. (1891) Studies in the Arthurian Legend, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Richards, M. (1969) Welsh Administrative and Territorial Units, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Ritson, J. (1825) The Life of King Arthur, London: Payne & Foss.

Rivet, A. L. F. and Smith, C. (1979) The Place-Names of Roman Britain, London: Batsford.

Roberts, R. J. (1991) ‘John Dee and the matter of Britain’, Honourable Society of Cymmroddorion Transactions: 129–44.

Robertson, A. J. (ed.) (1939) Anglo-Saxon Charters, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Robertson, E. W. (1862) Scotland under her Early Kings, Edinburgh: Edmonston & Douglas.

Robertson, J. McK. (1897) The Saxon and the Celt: A Study in Sociology, 8 vols, London: University Press.

Rogers, P. (1971) ‘Introduction’, in P. Rogers (ed.) Daniel Defoe, A Tour through the Whole Island of Great Britain, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 9–34.

Ross, A. (1967) Pagan Celtic Britain, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Round, J. H. (1895) Feudal England. Historical Studies on the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries, London: S. Sonnenschein.

Rowland, J. (1983–4) ‘The manuscript tradition of the Red Book Englynion’, Studia Celtica 18–19: 79–95.

Rowland, J. (1990) Early Welsh Saga Poetry: A Study and Edition of the Englynion, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rowley, T. (ed.) (1981) The Origins of Open Field Agriculture, London: Croom Helm.

Rumble, A. R. (2001) ‘Edward the Elder and the churches of Winchester and Wessex’, in N. J. Higham and D. H. Hill (eds) Edward the Elder, 899–924, London: Routledge, 230–47.

Rutherford Davis, K. (1982) Britons and Saxons: The Chiltern Region 400–700, Chichester: Phillimore.

S

Salway, P. (1981) Roman Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sawyer, P. H. (1968) Anglo-Saxon Charters: An Annotated List and Bibliography, London: Royal Historical Society.

Scharer, A. (1982) Die angelsächsische Königsurkunde im 7. und 8. Jahrhundert, Wien–Köln–Graz: Veröffentlichungen Des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung Band XXVI, Herman Böhlaus Nachf.

Scharer, A. (1996) ‘The writing of history at King Alfred’s Court’, Early Medieval Europe 5, 2: 177–206.

Scragg, D. and Weinberg, C. (eds) (2000) Literary Appropriations of the Ango-Saxons from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England 29.

Scull, C. (1995) ‘Approaches to material culture and social dynamics of the Migration Period in eastern England’, in H. Hamerow and J. Bintliff (eds) Europe Between Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Oxford: British Archaeological Reports,

International Series 617.

Seymour, M. with Couture, J. and Nielsen, K. (1998) ‘Introduction: questioning the ethnic/civic dichotomy’, in J. Couture, K. Nielsen and M. Seymour (eds) Rethinking Nationalism, Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary Press, 1–61.

Seebohm, F. (1883) The English Village Community, London: Longmore, Green & Co.

Sellar, W. C. and Yeatman, R. J. (1930) 1066 and all that, London: Methuen.

Shichtman, M. B. and Finke, L. A. (1993) ‘Profiting from the past: history as symbolic capital in the Historia Regum Britanniae’, Arthurian Literature 12: 1–36.

Shichtman, M. B. and Carley, J. P. (1994) ‘Introduction: the social implications of the Arthurian legend’, in M. B. Shichtman and J. P. Carley (eds) Culture and the King: The Social Implications of the Arthurian Legends, Albany: State University of New York Press, 4–12.

Shippey, T. A. (2000) ‘The undeveloped image: Anglo-Saxon in popular consciousness from Turner to Tolkien’, in D. Scragg and C. Weinberg (eds) Literary Appropriations of the Anglo-Saxons from the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England 29, 215–36.

Sims-Williams, P. (1983) ‘Gildas and the Anglo-Saxons’, Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 6: 1–30.

Sims-Williams, P. (1984) ‘Gildas and vernacular poetry’, in M. Lapidge and D. Dumville (eds) Gildas: New Approaches, Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer.

Sims-Williams, P. (1990) Religion and Literature in Western England 600–800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sims-Williams, P. (1991) ‘The emergence of Old Welsh, Cornish and Breton orthography, 600–800: the evidence of Archaic Old Welsh’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 38: 20–86.

Sims-Williams, P. (1993) ‘The provenance of the Llywarch Hen Poems: a case for Llan-gors, Brycheiniog’, Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 26: 27–64.

Sims-Williams, P. (1994) ‘Historical need and literary narrative: a caveat from ninthcentury Wales’, Welsh History Review 17: 1–40.

Sims-Williams, P. (1996) ‘The Death of Urien’, Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 32: 25–56.

Sims-Williams, P. (1998) ‘The uses of writing in early medieval Wales’, in H. Pryce (ed.) Literacy in Medieval Celtic Societies, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Skene, W. (1868) The Four Ancient Books of Wales, Edinburgh: Edmonston & Douglas.

Skene, W. F. (1876) Celtic Scotland: A History of Ancient Alban, Edinbugh: Edmonston & Douglas.

Smith, A. D. (1999) Myths and Memories of the Nation, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Smith, A. H. (1956) English Place-Name Elements, 2 parts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Smith, A. H. W. (1990) ‘Gildas the poet’, Arthurian Literature 10: 1–11.

Smith, J. C. (1909) The Poetical Works of Edmund Spenser, 3 vols, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Smith, R. J. (1987) The Gothic Bequest: Medieval Institutions in British Thought, 1688–1863, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Smyth, A. P. (1998) ‘The emergence of English identity, 700–1000’, in A. P. Smyth (ed.) Medieval Europeans, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 24–52.

Snyder, C. (1998) An Age of Tyrants: Britain and the Britons A.D. 400–600, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Snyder, C. (2000) Exploring the World of King Arthur, London: Thames & Hudson.

Spiegel, G. (1997) The Past as Text: The Theory and Practice of Medieval Historiography, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Stancliffe, C. (1999) ‘The British Church and the mission of Augustine’, in R. Gameson (ed.) St. Augustine and the Conversion of England, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 107–51.

Steensma, R. C. (1970) Sir William Temple, New York: Twayne Publishers.

Stenton, F. M. (1943) Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Stevenson, J. (ed.) (1838) Nennii Historia Brittonum, London.

Stevenson, J. (ed.) (1875) Radulphi de Coggeshall Chronicon Anglicanum, London: Longman (Rolls Series).

Stevenson, W. H. (1904) Asser’s Life of King Alfred, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Stuart-Glennie, J. S. (1869) Arthurian Localities: Their historical origin, chief country, and Fingalian Relations: with a map of Arthurian Scotland, Edinburgh: Edmonston & Douglas.

Stubbs, W. (1870) Select Charters and other illustrations of English Constitutional History, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Stubbs, W. (1882) Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, 2 vols, London: Longmans (Rolls Series).

Stukeley, W. (1724) Itinerarium Curiosum, London.

Summers, M. (ed.) (1931–2) John Dryden: The Dramatic Works, Vol. 6, London: Nonesuch.

Suzuki, S. (2000) The Quoit Brooch Style and Anglo-Saxon Settlement, Woodbridge: Boydell Press.

T

Tatlock, J. S. P. (1933) ‘The English journey of the Laon Canons’, Speculum 8: 454–65.

Tatlock, J. S. P. (1939) ‘The dates of the Arthurian Saints’ Legends’, Speculum 14.3: 345–65.

Tatlock, J. S. P. (1950) The Legendary History of Britain, New York: Gordian Press.

Taylor, C. C. (1983) Village and Farmstead, London: George Philip.

Temple, Sir W. (1672) An Essay upon the Origin and Nature of Government, reprinted by the Augustan Reprint Society 109 (1964).

Thacker, A. (1985) ‘Kings, saints and monasteries in pre-Viking Mercia’, Midland History 10: 1–25.

Thacker, A. (2000) ‘Peculiaris Patronus Nostrem: the saint as patron of the state in the Early Middle Ages’, in J. Maddicott and D. Palliser (eds) The Medieval State: Essays Presented to James Campbell, London: Hambledown Press, 1–24.

Thirsk, J. (1964) ‘The commonfields’, Past and Present 29: 1–25.

Thomas, A. C. (1971) The Early Christian Archaeology of North Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Thomas, A. C. (1981) Christianity in Roman Britain, London: Batsford.

Thomas, C. (ed.) (1988) Tintagel Papers, Cornish Studies Special Issue 16, Redruth.

Thomas, C. (1991–2) ‘The Early Christian inscriptions of southern Scotland’, Glasgow Archaeological Journal 17: 1–10.

Thomas, C. (1994) And Shall These Mute Stones Speak? Post-Roman Inscriptions in Western Britain, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Thomas, C. (1998) Christian Celts: Messages and Images, Stroud: Tempus Publishing Limited.

Thomas, G. C. G. (1968–70) ‘Dryll o Hen Lyfr Ysgrifen’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 23: 309–16.

Thompson, E. A. (1979) ‘Gildas and the history of Britain’, Britannia 10: 203–26.

Thompson, E. A. (1984) Saint Germanus of Auxerre and the End of Roman Britain, Woodbridge: Boydell Press.

Thomson, R. M. (1999) William of Malmesbury Gesta Regum Anglorum II General Introduction and Commentary, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Thorpe, L. (ed. and trans.) (1966) The History of the Kings of Britain, Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Thorpe, L. (ed. and trans.) (1978) Gerald of Wales: Description of Wales, Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954–5) The Lord of the Rings, 3 vols, London: George Allen and Unwin.

Trevelyan, G. M. (1926) History of England, London: Longmans, Green & Co.

Tristram, H. L. C. (1999) ‘Bedas Historia ecclesiastica gentis anglorum im Altenglischen und Altirischen’, in E. Poppe and H. L. C. Tristram (eds) Übersetzung, Adaptation und Akkulturation im insularen Mittelalter,Münster: Nodus Publikationen, 51–72.

Trompf, G. W. (2000) Early Christian Historiography: Narratives of Retribution, London: Continuum.

Turner, S. (1799–1805) History of the Anglo-Saxons, 3 vols, London.

Twain, M. (1889) A Connecticut Yankee at the Court of King Arthur, New York: Webster.

U

Umland, R. (1994) ‘The snake in the woodpile: Tennyson’s Vivien as Victorian prostitute’, in M. B. Shichtman and J. P. Carley (eds) Culture and the King, Albany: State University of New York Press, 274–87.

V

Vale, J. (1982) Edward III and Chivalry, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.

Van Hamel, A. G. (1934) ‘Aspects of Celtic mythology’, Proceedings of the British Academy 20: 207–48.

Vernon, J. (1998) ‘Border crossings: Cornwall and the English (imagi)nation’, in G. Cubitt (ed.) Imagining Nations, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 153–72.

Vinogradoff, P. (1892) Villainage in England, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

W

Wade-Evans, A. W. (1944) Vitae Sanctorum Britanniae et Genealogiae, Cardiff: University of Wales Press Board.

Wade-Evans, A. W. (1956) The Emergence of England and Wales, Wetteren: De Meester.

Waitz, G. and Kehr, K. A. (eds) (1904) Widukindi Monachi Corbeiensis Rerum Gestarum Saxonicarum Libri Tres, Hannover and Leipzig: Impensis Bibliopoli Hahniani.

Walker, I. W. (2000) Mercia and the Making of England, Stroud: Sutton.

Warren, M. R. (2000) History on the Edge: Excalibur and the Borders of Britain, 1100–1300, Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press.

Warwicke, R. M. (1979) ‘The Laurence Nowell Manuscripts in the British Library’, British Library Journal 5: 201–12.

White, H, (1973) Metahistory, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

White, H. (1978) Tropics of Discourse, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

White, R. (1978) ‘New light on the origins of the Kingdom of Gwynedd’, in R. Bromwich and R. B. Jones (eds) Astudiaethau ar yr Hengerdd, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 350–5.

White, R. (1997) King Arthur in Legend and History, London: J. M. Dent.

Whitelock, D. (1952) The Beginnings of English Society, Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Whitelock, D. (ed.) (1955) English Historical Documents c. 500–1042, Vol. 1, London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.

Whittaker, C. R. (1994) Frontiers of the Roman Empire: A Social and Economic Study, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press.

William of Newburgh (c. 1197) The History of English Affairs, ed. and trans. P. G. Walsh and M. J. Kennedy, Warminster: Aris & Phillips Ltd, 1988.

Williams, H. (1899) The Ruin of Britain together with the Lorica of Gildas, London: D. Nutt for the Honourable Society of Cymmroddorion.

Williams, I. (1932) ‘The Poems of Llywarch Hen’, Proceedings of the British Academy 18: 269–302.

Williams, I. (1935) ‘Hengerdd’, Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies 7: 23–32.

Williams, I. (1938) Canu Aneirin, Caedydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru.

Williams, I. (1972a) The Beginnings of Welsh Poetry, ed. R. Bromwich, Cardiff: University of Wales Press.

Williams, I. (ed.) (1972b) Armes Prydein. The Prophecy of Britain with a translation by R. Bromwich, Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

Williams, N. J. A. (1978) ‘Canu Llywarch Hen and the Finn Cycle’, in R. Bromwich and R. B. Jones (eds), Astudiaethau ar yr Hengerdd, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 234–65.

Wilson, D. (1987) ‘Bateman, Carrington and the Anglians in the Peak District’, in P. Morgan (ed.) Staffordshire Studies: Essays Presented to Denis Stuart, Keele: University of Keele Department of Adult & Continuing Education.

Winterbottom, M. (ed.) (1978) Gildas: The Ruin of Britain and other documents, London: Phillimore.

Wiseman, H. (2000) ‘The derivation of the date of the Badon entry in the Annales Cambriae from Bede and Gildas’, Parergon NS 17.2: 1–10.

Wood, I. (1987) ‘The fall of the Western Empire and the end of Roman Britain’, Britannia 18: 251–62.

Wood, M. (1999) In Search of England, London: Viking.

Woodbridge, H. E. (1940) Sir William Temple: The man and his work, New York and London: Modern Language Association and Oxford University Press.

Wooding, J. M. (1996) ‘Cargoes in trade along the Western seaboard’, in K. R. Dark (ed.) External Contacts and the Economy of Late Roman and Post-Roman Britain, Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 67–82.

Wormald, J. (1992) ‘The creation of Britain: multiple kingdoms or core and colonies?’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (6) 2: 175–94.

Wormald, P. (1978) ‘Bede, Beowulf and the conversion of the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy’, in R. J. Farrell (ed.) Bede and Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford: British Archeolgoical Reports British Series 46, 32–95.

Wormald, P. (1982) ‘The age of Bede and Æthelbald’, in J. Campbell (ed.), The Anglo-Saxons, Oxford: Phaidon Press, 70–100.

Wormald, P. (1983) ‘Bede, the Bretwaldas and the origins of the gens Anglorum’, in P. Wormald et al. (eds) Ideal and Reality in Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 99–129.

Wormald, P. (1995) ‘The making of England’, History Today 45.2: 26–32.

Wright, N. (ed.) (1985–) The Historia Regum Britanniae of Geoffrey of Monmouth, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.

Wright, N. (1985) ‘Did Gildas read Orosius’, Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies 9: 31–42.

Wright, N. (1986) ‘Geoffrey of Monmouth and Bede’, Arthurian Literature 6: 27–59.

Wright, R. P. and Jackson, K. (1968) ‘A late inscription from Wroxeter’, Antiquaries Journal 48: 269–300.

Wright, T. (ed.) (1866) The Chronicle of Pierre de Langtoft, 2 vols, London: Longmans (Rolls Series).

Wright, T. (1875) The Celt, the Roman and the Saxon: a history of the early inhabitants of Britain, 3rd edn, London: Trübner.

X

N/A

Y

Yalden, D. (1999) The History of British Mammals, London: Academic Press.

Yorke, B. (1993) ‘Fact or fiction? The written evidence for the fifth and sixth centuries A.D.’, Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 6: 45–50.

Z

Zimmer, U. (1896) Nennius Vindicatus, Berlin.