Chapter weblinks

www0.1 Digital technologies have direct relevance for identifying, and attempting to resolve, the language needs faced by language users (and applied linguists), and they feature prominently in all chapters of Mapping Applied Linguistics. Indeed, just as we get directions now from GPS systems and online maps, this book is part of a broader online applied linguistics project anchored in its companion website.

www0.2 Chris's website.

www0.3 Patrick's website.

www0.4 Rachel's website.

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www1.1  According to some estimates, people speak over 7,000 different languages on the planet today, belonging to more than a hundred distinct families.

www1.2 Current estimates of the number of languages in the world today represent only a tiny fraction of the languages that have existed through the millennia; the globalizing forces of transport, trade, exploration, and conquest over the last thousand years have caused the abrupt disappearance of many of them: currently almost three a month according to commonly accepted estimates.

www1.3 Statistics from UNESCO suggest that there are almost 760 million non-literate adults around the world, two thirds of them women.

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www2.1 Language authorities are often self-nominated; for example, Ron Unz, the anti-bilingual education activist in the US.

www2.2  Differences between varieties can be empirically described by linguists, but it important for applied linguists to be aware of how users imbue these differences simultaneously with two fundamentally different forms of meaning: linguistic and social significance.

www2.3 It could be argued that all varieties function as the standard (the norm for the context) somewhere, usually in the geographic location(s) or social contexts in which the speakers who speak them are situated, but also in text-types or in cyberspace (see Leetspeak, for example).

www2.4  Accents in the UK are regularly associated with stereotypical regional characteristics, but the country's linguistic diversity is also increasingly subject to celebration.

www2.5 Regional accents in the US also regularly give rise to prejudice, as Denis Preston explains.

www2.6 A short video showing how babies tune in to the speech sounds used around them.

www2.7 A note on accents in British Sign Language from the Deafness Cognition and Language Research Centre at University College London.

www2.8 The strong connection between dialect and non-linguistic group identity is seen especially clearly at the level of 'nation', where dialects associated with national identities regularly get called languages in their own right, despite their mutual intelligibility with other dialects beyond the national borders. See, for example, the Wikipedia entry for Flemish in Belgium (also known as Dutch, in The Netherlands). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish

www2.9 Hindi and Urdu are essentially the same language in terms of linguistic features, and are combined in many foreign language departments, for example as sponsored through the US Language Flagship programme.

www2.10 A comparison of Danish and standard written Norwegian (Bokmål) is included in this Wikipedia article.

www2.11 Within nation states, dialects of the majority language spoken by minority groups with power are often recognised as languages, whereas those of other significant minorities without power remain dialects. For example Scots, which is claimed as a separate language from English in Scotland, is no more unintelligible from neighbouring 'Geordie' than African American English is from Mexican American English.

www2.12 The Ethnologue entry for Catalan and Valencian.

www2.13 Dennis Preston (2002, pp. 62-64) argues that the identification in most people's minds between attitudes to speaker and attitudes to speech can only be fully explained if we acknowledge the fundamental opposition between linguistic and non-linguistic theories of language. This website illustrates Preston's methods and findings.

www2.14 A historical overview of the effects of writing and printing on the standardization of English, by Suzanne Kemmer of Rice University.

www2.15 The motto of the Real Academia Española, which published its first dictionary in 1780, is “Limpia, fija y da esplendor” (cleanse, fix and make resplendent).

www2.16 More information about the classification of writing systems.

www2.17 During the 20th century, Cantonese developed its own written form, but is not yet standardised, despite its increasing use in chat rooms and SMS messaging.

www2.18 The number of non-native users of English is estimated at over a third of the world's population (Graddol, 2006).

www2.19 There are sample test questions on the IELTS and TOEFL

www2.20 An introduction to English as a lingua franca.

www2.21 Diwali, a poem byVikram Seth.

www2.22 After Indian independence, the English language (or the 'conqueror's tongue,' as Seth calls it) did not, of course, disappear, and the linguistic legacy of colonialism in India continued to be both a blessing and a curse.

www2.23 The millions of users of English in the Outer Circle don't all use the same variety, the one promoted as the only valid version by the teachers and textbooks imported from the USA and the UK and promoted by the British Council and agencies of the US Department of State.

www2.24 Pidgin and Education: a position paper by Da Pidgin Coup at the University of Hawai'i, November 1999.

www2.25 The importance of ensuring that linguistic insecurity does not inhibit the transmission of localized languages is stated in the manifesto of the Foundation for Endangered Languages (2009).

www2.26 The Rosetta Project is one of a number of initiatives which aims to document the planet's linguistic diversity before its inevitable and drastic reduction over the next few generations.

www2.27 Quotes from Airplane, the movie.

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www3.1 The US National Federation of the Blind.

www3.2  The British Deaf Association differentiates between deafness as what a person is and Deafness as who they are.

www3.3 Texts are available in many languages on the World Wide Web; see for example this website with audio recordings of 7,301 languages.

www3.4 According to Ethnologue, of the 7,097 living languages, there are 172 with over three million native speakers.

www3.5 Pakistan's most recent census figures indicate that only 7.6 per cent of the population are Urdu speakers (Population Census Office, 1998).

www3.6 The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, designed to protect and promote minority languages and adopted by the Council of Europe in 1992.

www3.7 Statistics from UNESCO suggest that there are almost 760 million non-literate adults around the world, two thirds of them women.

www3.8 The Literacy Assessment and Monitoring Programme (LAMP), successfully piloted now in several countries.

www3.9 A 2014 report from the UK National Literacy Trust explains how 'low literacy in the UK affects both employment and economic outcomes, health levels and health inequalities, and exacerbates factors associated with criminal offending'.

www3.10 Website of the Vision 2020 campaign, launched in 1999 by WHO and the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB).

www3.11 Although Braille literacy has been steadily declining since the middle of the 20th century, efforts to promote the system have continued, particularly through the harnessing of new technologies.

www3.12 UK National Braille Week.

www3.13 Fact sheet from the World Health Organization on Deafness and Hearing Loss.

www3.14 People who are born with normal language circuits but later go on to acquire some kind of impairment are said to have aphasia.

www3.15 US estimates for SLI range from two to eight per cent of children, with boys affected more than girls.

www3.16 Dyslexia appears to be a phonologically-based impairment, affecting people’s reading, writing, and symbolic processing in general.

www3.17 Applied linguists have been occupied by the needs of people involved in judicial proceedings to have effective access to the code. They have been involved in campaigns for language clarity and simplification, some sponsored by governments and some by the profession itself.

www3.18 Some people study applied linguistics formally as part of a general undergraduate degree in linguistics.

www3.19 Other people may elect to continue their linguistic education by taking a (post)graduate qualification in applied linguistics, perhaps as a way of deciding which branch of the profession they would most like to work in.

www3.20 Ethnographic enquiry seeks to understand cultural situations and activities from the richly contextualized perspectives of the participants themselves. Ethnographers record what they observe from a holistic perspective, with no preconceived expectations about what to look for and what to ignore. (Are your participants online? Try ‘virtual ethnography’).

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www4.1 Discourse analysis has been used in a wide variety of fields, including: education, theology, health and business management

www4.2 Examples of electronic collections (corpora) of texts in British and (contemporary and historical) American English, Spanish and Portuguese.

www4.3 Corpus linguistics has been used to create and evaluate bilingual dictionaries. For an example (English - Swahili) see here.

www4.4 Information, examples, and exercises for using English corpora in foreign language classrooms, from the English Linguistics Department at the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany.

www4.5 Corpus linguists have studied the core features of English used as a lingua franca; for example, the Vienna-Oxford International Corpus of English project.

www4.6 Project page of the ELFA corpus of academic English in ELF contexts, at the University of Helsinki.

www4.7 The website of the International Systemic Functional Linguistics Association.

www4.8 The ethnographic approach called Linguistic Ethnography is inspired by Hymes' work but also combines the rigour of interactional sociolinguistic analysis, including conversation analysis (see below), to critically examine situated language use in everyday activities, especially in communities.

www4.9 An online introduction to conversation analysis by Charles Antaki. 

www4.10 Gunther Kress talks about multimodality.

www4.11 An online introduction to action research by Jean McNiff.

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www5.1  The development of Internationalized Domain Names (IDN) is an example of corpus planning that allows Arabic and other languages not written with the Latin alphabet to grow as a language of the Internet.

www5.2 A language policy and planning framework by Richard Baldauf that puts status planning in its place.

www5.3 The implications of Singapore’s language acquisition planning efforts are discussed by L. Quentin Dixon.

www5.4 Language on The Move, a blog dedicated to discussion of linguistic landscapes, as visual representations of language use in a community.

 www5.5 The text of Canada’s Official Languages Act can be found on the website of the Office of the The Commissioner of Official Languages.

www5.6 ProEnglish advocates English-only policies in the US, such as proposals to amend state and federal constitutions to make English the (sole) official national language.

www5.7 For a pro-linguistic diversity and language rights perspective on language policy issues, check out the the Institute of Language and Education Policy.

www5.8 Academia Argentina de Letras.

www5.9 The Organisation Internationale de La Francophonie is an intergovernmental organization set up largely at the instigation of Quebec and France's former African colonies in the mid-1970s to fortify French as a language of international communication and counter the dominance of English.

www5.10 The government of Singapore launched the 'Speak Good English' campaign in opposition to 'Singlish', which it sees as an obstacle to trade-based economic growth.

www5.11 A video discussion of Singlish as an expression of covert prestige.

www5.12 Regrettably, the satirical website Talking Cock, which hosted an online version of the Coxford Singlish Dictionary is no longer active, but the online Dictionary of Singlish and Singapore English is still available.

www5.13 The Canadian Hearing Society on language-in-education planning for Deaf students.

www5.14 Boa Senior was the last living speaker of Bo, a tribal language from the Andaman Islands in the Indian Ocean. You can hear a recording of Boa speaking Bo on the BBC News website.

www5.15  Endangered language 'hot spots' around the globe are monitored by the Enduring Voices project, co-sponsored by the Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages and the National Geographic Society.

www5.16 UNESCO’s Interactive Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger shows the location and status of the world’s 2,500 endangered languages.

www5.17 ‘Fatal Flaws’ is an Amnesty International report on the urgent need for Quechua-speaking health care professionals to protect women and ensure they ‘experience pregnancy and childbirth safely and with dignity’.

www5.18 The Language Lizard website promises “to inspire kids through language” and sells bilingual books (English plus another language) in forty languages.

www5.19 Cinco Puntos Press publishes stories about the U.S.-Mexico borderlands and children’s literature in Spanish/English bilingual books. You can visit publishers Bobby and Lee Byrd online.

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www6.1 Statistics from UNESCO suggest that there are almost 760 million non-literate adults around the world, two thirds of them women.

www6.2 The Texas-based Paths to Literacy project provides information on free online resources for learning Braille.

www6.3 The Environmental Literacy Council defines environmental literacy and offers a wealth of teaching resources for environmental literacy educators.

www6.4 The Ocean Literacy Network maintains that ocean literacy is a vital area of knowledge for all citizens.

www6.5 A broad definition of 21st Century Literacies from the US National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE).

www6.6 Health literacy as defined in a 2009 World Health Organization conference programme.

www6.7 Although its intelligence may be questionable, The CIA World Factbook offers public access to the US government’s official accounting of literacy rates, education levels, and many other social indicators, country-by-country.

www6.8  Epigraphers study and interpret written inscriptions on hard surfaces, such as stone and metal. To get an idea of what they do, visit Oxford University's Curse Tablets of Roman Britain site.

www6.9  Crowdsourced online Emoji Dictionary from the Emoji Foundation.

www6.10  AncientScripts.com is a great resource for comparing different writing systems.

www6.11 Fray Toribio de Motolinía and other missionaries in New Spain were already firmly of the 'alphabet mindset', making it for them difficult to grasp the logographic complexities of the indigenous writing systems they encountered in central and southern Mexico. A digitized version of Motolinía’s Historia de los Indios de la Nueva España can be found at the Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes.

www6.12 A codex is an ancient manuscript in book form. The Mexican codices were painted on deerskin or bark paper. You can inspect  color facsimiles from the Codex Vaticanus B and other codices at the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies

www6.13 Oracy is communicative competence in spoken interaction. The word was coined by analogy with literacy in the 1960s. The ORACY Australia Association has developed resources for teaching and assessing oral communication with a focus on secondary level students.

www6.14 The Bank Street Guide to Literacy for Volunteers and Tutors is a user-friendly collection of resources on child literacy for tutors and teachers, including sample lesson plans and resources for working with emergent bilinguals. Their glossary of reading terms would be helpful to anyone teaching or tutoring literacy for the first time.

www6.15 The University of Connecticut’s Literacy Web is a database of resources for literacy instruction. The lesson plans and other resources can be searched by age level or by topic.

www6.16 Final reports from UNESCO’s Literacy Decade campaign.

www6.17 Braille literacy is the ability to read and write using the tactile system of raised dots that represents the Roman alphabet, as well as other alphabetic writing systems such as Korean. The Braille Institute has resources for English-speaking teachers and students of Braille.

www6.18 Factsheet on phonics and dialects of English from the US Center for Expansion of Language and Thinking.

www6.19 The British Dyslexia Association provides resources and advocacy for dyslexic students, parents, adults and employers in the UK. Their website has basic information about dyslexia in nine languages in addition to English.

www6.20 Dyslexia International provides information on how dyslexia is studied, tested and remediated in different world contexts.

www6.21 The Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English is a collection of 1.8 million words transcribed from lectures and other speech events at the University of Michigan. The Corpus was created and is maintained by researchers in the English Language Institute, and includes links to written and discipline-specific corpora.

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www7.1 The normative role of schools in children’s language development has a very long history. Edmund Coote’s The English Schoole-Maister (1997 [1596]) is perhaps the first-ever English language textbook (although it’s actually closer to a dictionary).

www7.2 Resources for Funds of Knowledge from the US Head Start programme, including a short video in which Luis Moll explains the concept.

www7.3 Information from South Africa History Online about the June 16 Soweto Youth Uprising to protest against the imposition of Afrikaans in schools.

www7.4 SEN Teacher provides teaching and learning resources for students with special needs and learning disabilities.

www7.5  UNESCO's Salamanca Statement (1994, p. ix) recommends that all special needs children attend their local community mainstream school 'unless there are compelling reasons for doing otherwise'.

www7.6 Talk Story: Sharing Stories, Sharing Culture is a joint family literacy project between the Asian/Pacific American Library Association and the American Indian Library Association, inspired by the Hawaiian tradition.

www7.7 Career opportunities at the Center for Applied Linguistics (CAL) in Washington, DC.

www7.8 England’s National Curriculum lists communication goals for pupils in Years 1-6, offering many opportunities for teachers to use their knowlege of applied linguistics.

www7.9 An example of a curriculum document that describes what should be taught (content and attainment targets) is the UK National Curriculum for English at Key Stages 1 and 2 (for children ages  five to eight).

www7.10   New South Wales (Australia) K-6 syllabus for Science and Technology and the Outcomes and Indicators document.

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www8.1 LUCIDE (Languages in Urban Communities - Integration and Diversity for Europe) is a European Union-based network which is developing ideas about how to manage multilingual citizen communities.

www8.2 South Africa is a nation with eleven official languages, the Khoe, San and South African sign language and many other community languages. The Pan South African Language Board promotes multilingualism and supports research on conditions of language use in South Africa.

www8.3 The Heritage Language Journal is published by the National Heritage Language Resource Center at the University of California, Los Angeles.

www8.4 For a wealth of on-line resources on immersion education and research, visit the University of Minnesota's Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition.

www8.5 The UK's National Association of Teaching English and Community Languages to Adults (NATECLA) has a group concerned with the needs of teachers of Urdu, Bangla, Punjabi and other UK community languages.

www8.6 Applied linguists Angela Creese, Adrian Blackledge and Arvind Bhatt narrate a video about multilingual children learning in complementary schools in Birmingham, UK.

www8.7 Applied linguists working with the government of France and the Center for Applied Linguistics helped redesign and extend French Heritage Language programmes following the 2010 earthquake in Haiti and the arrival of thousands of Haitian refugees in the US and Canada.

www8.8 UNESCO’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights recognizes the rights of people to be educated in a language they understand. It has been translated into some 300 languages, including British Sign Language and Spanish Sign Language.

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www9.1  The number of speakers of English as an additional language continues to grow, for an estimate of numbers see English Next (published in 2006) and English Next India (published in 2010), both by David Graddol.

www9.2  The challenges and opportunities of Global Englishes for teachers is explored in the free online course Changing Englishes, developed by Chris and Rachel.

www9.3  The Ñandutí early learner project (alas, now discontinued) at the Center for Applied Linguistics in Washington DC provides an online bibliography on teaching additional languages to learners with special education needs.

www9.4  A brief introduction to some of the main themes in second language acquisition.

www9.5  Warwick University's Applied Linguistics department provides biographical information on Maximilian Berlitz.

www9.6  The television documentary A Child's Guide to Language (BBC, 1983) in which James Asher, an early proponent of the Total Physical Response (TPR) method, suggests that this method will, in future, make it feasible for pupils to leave primary school with three or four additional languages (at about 29.5 minutes through this 50 minute film).

www9.7 North Carolina State University’s online Index of Learning Styles questionnaire.

www9.8 The PopuLLar European Union project aims to provide resources to motivate additional language learning through popular music.

www9.9 The online Language Strategy Use Survey uses multiple questions with three-option answers to assess your learning strategies.

www9.10  For an example of an awareness-raising activity that aims to draw students' attention to the ways in which they communicate in mixed language groups, see Rachel's English as a Lingua Franca site.

www9.11 The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) website.

www9.12 The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) website.

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www10.1 The International Association for Translation and Intercultural Studies is the major professional organization for translators.>

www10.2 The Leipzig Glossing Rules provide international conventions for morphemic glosses in linguists’ translations of language data.

www10.3 A translation of the Rosetta Stone.

www10.4 The use of English and French as lingua francas at the UN in Geneva.

www10.5 Google Translate, an example of automatic translation software.

www10.6 Microsoft's Bing Translator, which replaced AltaVista’s Babel Fish, is another example of automatic translation software.

www10.7 An example of a terminology bank is the Government of Quebec’s Grand dictionnaire terminologique in French, English and Latin.

www10.8 Another example of a terminology bank is Nuclear Threat Initiative's glossary of arms control and nonproliferation terms.

www10.9 A short video explaining Google Translate’s use of statistical translation.

www10.10 WordReference.com provides an online translators’ forum with different language threads.

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www11.1  A list of almost 2,500 of the most frequent collocations from the 25 million+ Pearson International Corpus of Academic English (PICAE) is available online for free download.

www11.2 The Compleat Lexical Tutor, a suite of tools from Tom Cobb at the Université du Québec à Montréal, contains a frequency profiler for texts you can input yourself.

www11.3 The 30th anniversary of Douglas Adams and John Lloyd’s dictionary of place names put to new uses, The Meaning of Liff, was marked in a 2014 BBC radio programme.

www11.4 A fuller discussion of words as mental networks can be found on the companion website.

www11.5 Grant Barrett’s on-line Double-tongued dictionary of 'fringe English, focusing on slang, jargon and new words’.

www11.6 An on-line version of Ambrose Bierce’s The Devil’s Dictionary.

www11.7 The American Heritage dictionary entry for finalize.

www11.8 Oxford Dictionaries provides online advice and tips on spelling conventions.

www11.9 The Coxford Singlish Dictionary from Talking Cock, ‘Singapore's Premier Satirical Humour Website’.

www11.10 You can find rhymes, homophones, synonyms, polysemes, and pictures through  the RhymeZone rhyming dictionary and thesaurus.

www11.11 You can get lists of words all ending with the same letter sequences, along with definitions and translations, at OneLook Dictionary Search.

www11.12 A directory of over 8000 free online bilingual and multilingual dictionaries is maintained at lexicool.com.

www11.13 The website of the Académie Française.

www11.14 Data on English word associations is available at the Edinburgh Word Association Thesaurus.

www11.15 BSL glossaries for science subjects from the Scottish Sensory Centre at Edinburgh University.

www11.16 Dynamic timeline for English words from South East Asia, 1555-2009, from the OED.

www11.17 Examples of neologisms can be found at Birmingham City University's Neologisms in Journalistic Text website.

www11.18  An online BSL/English glossary for art and design. Allows users to look up a word, read the definition, watch the sign, and see an image and related words.

www11.19 British National Corpus website hosted by Brigham Young University.

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www12.1 A downloadable English version of David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom's (2003) study "Who betrayed Anne Frank" from the Dutch Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies (NIOD).

www12.2 To try your hand at reading spectrograms, visit Rob Hagiwara's Monthly Mystery Spectrogram Webzone. No longer monthly, but past mystery spectrograms are still available.

www12.3 Animations of sound waves from Dan Russell at Penn State University, Pennsylvania, USA.

www12.4 This is the website for Francis Nolan and colleagues' DyViS project to assemble a baseline database of speakers for earwitness evidence. It contains an extensive overview and bibliography.

www12.5 UK forensic phoneticians' Position Statement Concerning Use of Impressionistic Likelihood Terms in Forensic Speaker Comparison Cases.

www12.6 Website of The Australasian Legal Information Institute (AustLII), which provides free internet access to Australasian legal materials (over four million searchable documents).

www12.7 Guidelines for the Use of Language Analysis in relation to Questions of National Origin in Refugee Cases, drawn up in 2004 by the Language and National Origin Group.

www12.8 A refugee review decision from Australia. The case materials include language analysis reports and a reference to the work of Diana Eades arguing against the use of spoken language data in judgements about nationality.

www12.9 Jonathan Bailey's Plagiarism Today blog has analysis and commentary on plagiarism cases currently in the news.

www12.10 Text of the UK's Civil Evidence Act 1972, which recognizes individual expert witnesses, independently of the methods they use (unlike the USA).

www12.11 Transcript of UK member of parliament Roger Mullin's 2016 speech proposing legislation for standardized qualifications in forensic linguistics.

www12.12 The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights has published a Pocket Book on Human Rights for the Police, intended to summarise international norms for law enforcement practice in accessible language.

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www13.1 If you have an iPhone or iPad, you can take a 3D tour of the brain using Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory's free app.

www13.2 Eric Chudler’s Neuroscience for Kids site at the University of Washington has a page on language and the brain, and is also available in several languages, including Chinese and Spanish.

www13.3 The WHO's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) can be consulted online.

www13.4 Review of evidence on the prevalence of dyslexia in languages with different writing systems, produced for the International Dyslexia Association.

www13.5 Laurence Leonard discusses SLI in this video from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.

www13.6 Inglis et al.'s multimedia textbook on neuropsychology provides online examples of psycholinguistic tests for assessing language disorders.

www13.7 The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) has a webpage containing resources for working with bilingual people with aphasia.

www13.8 Checklist of milestones for 'normal' language development from the US National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD).

www13.9 The BBC's ‘My Web, My Way’ website provides accessibility information, but it is no longer being updated.

www13.10 The International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (ISAAC) promotes AAC globally, and its national chapters, like Communication Matters in the UK, provide information on assessment, products, suppliers, and training.

www13.11 The University of Michigan in the USA maintains a list of "apps and online games for enjoyment (and a little educational value)" for people with dyslexia.

www13.12 Dyslexia Action in the UK has a page of Useful Learning Tools (including games) on its website.

www13.13 In a Georgetown University TEDx talk, Heather Artinian explains how her decision to have a cochlear implant allowed her to bridge both Deaf and hearing cultures, despite initial opposition from her parents.

www13.14 The companion website includes a list of links to information on how to become a language pathologist in several countries.

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www14.1 Intel celebrated the 50th Anniversary of Moore's Law in 2015.

www14.2 Ironically, communication technology might contribute to the drive for latrine construction in India, through improved monitoring via smartphones.

www14.3 The One Laptop per Child project aims to supply the world's poorest children with a low-cost, networked PC.

www14.4 Praat is free downloadable software for phonetic analysis, including spectrographs.

www14.5 FrameNet: a database of English word meanings.

www14.6  Kicktionary: the multilingual English-French-German dictionary of football.

www14.7 The Schengen Area in Europe.

www14.8 A list of Applied Linguistics codes of practice can be found in the Glossary and other Downloads section of the companion website.

www14.9 A 2014 report from the UK National Literacy Trust explains how 'low literacy in the UK affects both employment and economic outcomes, health levels and health inequalities, and exacerbates factors associated with criminal offending'.

www14.10 The Translation Ethics blog reports on the 'bad practices' of commercial translation and interpreting agencies and outsourcers.

www14.11  To appreciate the seamless embeddeding of technology consider its increasing wearability.

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