Featured practitioners
Learn more about the five practitioners we feature in Chapter 14: Prospects and perspectives by reading or listening to them talk about their work (in English and Spanish).
Chandy Chima
Duan Yan
Khawla Badwan
Liliana Fernández
Field linguist, a teacher educator and materials developer working in Peru
Background
- Where did you grow up and go to school?
Nací en Lima (Perú) y asistí a una escuela nacional en la misma ciudad.
- What's your job title, and what aspect(s) of language are most central to your work?
Soy lingüista, actualmente me desempeño como profesora de razonamiento verbal en el Centro Pre-Universitario de la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería.
He trabajado con tres lenguas indígenas: ese ejja a nivel léxico y morfológico; shipibo a nivel léxico, morfológico y sintáctico y asháninka en todos sus niveles gramaticales, incluyendo el pragmático. Mi trabajo con la lengua ese ejja consistía en el diseño de un diccionario, mientras que con las lenguas shipibo y asháninka se elaboraba separatas de estudio tanto teóricos como prácticos para capacitar a docentes bilingües en temas relacionados a la gramáticas de sus lenguas.
Mi trabajo actual se relaciona con el análisis de discurso y / o pragmática al preparar materiales de enseñanza asociados a la comprensión y producción de textos en castellano.
- Why did you want to become an applied linguist?
Más que una afición, es una necesidad. Como estudiantes recibimos una formación para ser investigadores en lingüística, pero no hay apoyo del Gobierno para realizar este tipo de tareas. Insertarse en el ámbito laboral implica trabajar como lingüistas aplicados empezando desde prácticamente cero. Entonces nos formamos como tales en el camino y según la “suerte” que se tenga para encontrar trabajo.
- What kinds of formal preparation have you had? What do you know about the clients you work with or plan to work with?
La formación recibida en la Universidad es básicamente teórica, no existen prácticas pre-profesionales. Lo más cercano a eso es la posibilidad de formar parte de proyectos de investigación a cargo de docentes de la universidad. Es así que me inicié en el trabajo de investigación en la Amazonía y costa peruana. Por otra parte, siempre existe la posibilidad de asistir a eventos en los que se tratan temas relacionados a la lingüística aplicada, sobre todo en lo que respecta la relación lengua-cultura o lengua-educación.
En cuanto a los “clientes”, si hablamos de las poblaciones indígenas, estos presentan distintos niveles de bilingüismo y la educación bilingüe no tiene los resultados que se esperan debido a la falta de docentes bilingües que estén los suficientemente preparados para afrontar los retos que implica tener a cargo una escuela unidocente donde los niños presentan distintas características en cuanto su competencia lingüística y habilidades de aprendizaje.
En la CEPREUNI, los alumnos se preparan para postular a carreras científicas y tecnológicas. La mayoría de alumnos sobresale en el área de ciencias y tiene un bajo rendimiento en el área de humanidades. En los últimos años, la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, tratando de resolver este bajo rendimiento, incluyó algunos cursos de humanidades, entre ellos Razonamiento verbal, para potenciar estos conocimientos en los futuros universitarios.
- What kinds of language-related problems do you help solve?
Entre las lenguas de la Amazonía existen problemas como la falta de docentes bilingües o capacitaciones para los pocos que hay; problemas de falta de materiales educativos para los alumnos indígenas, problemas de lealtad lingüística que interfieren en el desarrollo de la educación bilingüe.
En el castellano, la comprensión lectora es un problema de toda la sociedad, las estadísticas señalan que el Perú tiene uno de los niveles más bajos en comprensión lectora a nivel de Latinoamérica.
- Does your work involve working with applied linguists or language professionals whose background and training are different from yours?
Actualmente, mis colegas son del área de humanidades, aunque no todos son lingüistas, algunos son literatos y otros educadores (profesores). La única diferencia es que yo estoy más pegada a la teoría lingüística que ellos, además ellos tienen mayor experiencia trabajando en centros Pre-universitarios.
El problema de dedicarse a la lingüística aplicada es que el profesional deja de ser lingüista para convertirse en “profesor”, “editor”, “terapista”, etc, pues nadie dice “hago lingüística aplicada”.
- How do you think your work helps people?
Mi objetivo personal siempre ha sido transmitir nociones lingüísticas a los docentes y / o alumnos con los que trabajo, pues creo que la falta de algunos conocimientos constituye un problema fundamental en la educación. Las personas no son conscientes de la importancia de la lengua para su desarrollo social y profesional.
Technology
- How has your work been influenced or affected by new technologies?
El trabajo de campo se dificulta al no contar con los instrumentos adecuados debido a su elevado costo. Pr ejemplo, grabadoras modernas.
- What are the forms of technology you use in your job?
El recojo de datos se hace empleando grabadoras o, de ser posible, se emplea la computadora con programas para analizar los discursos, con ELAN, PRAAT, TOOLBOX.
- How did you learn to use them? What technological developments do you think are still needed in your field?
Autoaprendizaje, los programas están disponibles en Internet.
- Is access to these tools and training open to all?
Sí.
Globalisation and integration
- As an applied linguist, how does globalisation and economic integration affect your work?
En la selva se produce un marcado proceso migratorio que afecta a las poblaciones amazónicas ya que su entorno social se ve amenazado por la inserción de elementos foráneos, generalmente andinos. Esto hace que su identidad se vea en peligro de vulnerabilidad; como resultado, se observa una brecha generacional importante que se distingue por el distinto dominio de la lengua indígena, distintas prácticas culturales, distintos intereses, etc. Para realizar cualquier trabajo en la selva, se tiene en cuenta este marco y se toman determinadas variables para explicar uno u otro aspecto que se trabaje, ya sea educativo, de salud, de sostenibilidad, etc.
Professional standards
- Are there issues you would like to see added to or removed from the professional standards available for applied linguists working in your particular field?
En teoría, se exigen experiencia y preparación académica, pero en la práctica no existen tales estándares. Por ejemplo, para cubrir plazas de especialistas en determinadas áreas relacionadas con la educación del país, se hacen convocatorias en las cuales se pide cumplir determinados requisitos. Finalmente la persona que cubre ese puesto no necesariamente cumple con todos ellos, para su contratación pesa más las referencias personales con que cuente. Algo similar ocurre en los centros de investigación de las universidades donde no se hacen convocatorias para participar en los proyectos, sino que se escoge “a dedo” a aquellos profesionales o alumnos idóneos para formar parte de un equipo. Basta con que un alumno sea aplicado y muestre interés en las clases para que el docente lo vea como un potencial investigador o partícipe de un proyecto.
Cuando se trabajan proyectos grandes, algunas instituciones no permiten que los profesionales usen los datos del trabajo de campo para realizar investigaciones personales. En consecuencia, no se pueden hacer tesis, o escribir artículos para beneficio personal. El único beneficio que obtiene el profesional es la experiencia laboral, pero no académica.
Language, freedom and social responsibility
- How do you share the results of your findings with clients?
Dado que se hace lingüística aplicada, se exige que el cliente obtenga un producto final, accesible a él y que pueda emplear. Esto ha sido costoso de lograr, porque, como ya mencioné, el lingüista peruano no recibe una formación que le permita desarrollarse como lingüista aplicado, esto se logra con la práctica. Los empleadores exigen procesar contenidos propiamente lingüísticos (gramáticas descriptivas, descripciones gramaticales en los distintos niveles de la lengua, etc.) para uso de docentes y pedagogos. Particularmente, lo que he trabajado forma parte de la institución o personal a cargo.
- What kinds of questions have they asked you about your work?
Sean los clientes docentes o alumnos, sus preguntas giran en torno a la gramática de sus lenguas. Para muchos resulta asombroso saber que sus lenguas maternas tiene una gramática como el castellano y que ésta puede ser aún más compleja.
Cuando se trata de trabajo de campo, además del respectivo informe, se hace una reunión donde se detallan los aspectos más relevantes; en cuestiones académicas, suele pasar lo mismo. Siempre he tenido la impresión de que otros profesionales (educadores, abogados, ingenieros, etc.) no saben a ciencia cierta en qué consiste el trabajo de un lingüista o no entienden la terminología que nosotros empleamos.
- What kinds of social justice or equity issues are important in your practice?
Cuando se hace trabajo de campo es importante tener en cuenta aspectos como el pago por determinados servicios (guía, traductor, consultor, etc.) que involucren la participación activa de las personas de una comunidad. El respeto a las autoridades locales, no pasarse las jerarquías cuando uno debe ingresar a una comunidad. No prometer cosas que no se van a cumplir. Evitar prácticas paternalistas (ver como seres desprotegidos a los indígenas)
Disinventing languages
- Does your practice involve identifying or registering clients' languages?
De forma indirecta, sí. Las migraciones internas y matrimonios mixtos ha traído consigo la formación de comunidades donde hay hablantes de varias lenguas. En el río Urubamba hay una comunidad catalogada como yine, se trata del anexo Belén de Huao. Cuando llegamos ahí, notamos que se trataba de una comunidad mixta, había tantos yines como asháninkas. Así, existen comunidades shipibo-ashéninkas, o asháninkas-nomatsiguengas, chamicuros-cocamas, solo por citar algunos casos.
- Why do you need this information?
Es una variable social importante, qué lengua se habla y cuántas personas la hablan es el principal factor que se tiene en cuenta para determinar la identidad de la población y explicar algunas prácticas culturales y sociales.
- How do clients describe themselves linguistically?
Aunque las lenguas presentan dialectos y muchos de ellos se deben a factores geográficos, los pobladores indígenas se describen como pertenecientes a una etnia: “soy asháninka”, “soy awajún”, “soy shipibo”, etc. Sin importar la distancia geográfica que los separe. Esto no implica que la persona hable la lengua indígena de la etnia. Como ya he mencionado, las poblaciones presentan distintos niveles de competencia en la lengua indígena.
- Are there some language identities that don't seem to fit pre-established categories?
Sí, tenemos el caso de lenguas con muy pocos hablantes, generalmente ancianos; estas lenguas están en peligro de extinción y la lengua principal en su comunidad es el castellano, entonces se habla de lenguas en un sentido estrictamente lingüístico, pero no socio-político. Asimismo existen grupos indígenas en aislamiento voluntario, sus lenguas o variantes de lenguas no han sido estudiadas como corresponde y no cuentan con ningún tipo de educación. Estos casos no encajan dentro de lo que podemos denominar idiomas. En cambio, sí se habla del idioma asháninka, awajún, shipibo, quechua, por ser lenguas con una mayor cantidad de hablantes y porque tienen un lugar, digámoslo “privilegiado”, al contar con educación bilingüe.
Las cuatro últimas lenguas mencionadas presentan una marcada diferenciación dialectal que origina entre sus hablantes una diferenciación de tipo social argumentando diferencias sociopolíticas, geográficas y hasta históricas. Sin embargo, en el nivel educativo, no se consideran las variedades lingüísticas, sino la lengua para impartir la educación bilingüe. Si hablamos de la lengua asháninka, por ejemplo, se habla de dos grupos asháninkas y ashéninkas, hay una división geográfica importante, cuestiones históricas que denotan enfrentamientos entre ambos grupos y hay una diferencia lingüística importante entre ellos, aunque no se llega a una total ininteligibilidad. No obstante, cuestiones de actitud lingüística y cultural impiden un desarrollo adecuado de la educación.
Incorporating cognitive and sociocultural aspects of applied linguistics
- Has your training as an applied linguist been markedly more oriented toward cognitive or sociocultural aspects of language? What about in your practice?
Como he señalado, la formación es personal. En mi caso, yo me he interesado por aspectos cognitivos dentro del ámbito de la pragmática. Sé que en la universidad se imparten aspectos generales de todas las corrientes científicas, pero no hay una preparación que se base o fundamente sobre una específica. Es el profesional quien decide, luego, qué orientación seguir, según el trabajo en el que se desempeñe. Ocurre igual con los aspectos socioculturales. En mi caso he prestado atención a ello por mi experiencia haciendo trabajo de campo y lo mismo le ocurre a aquellos que trabajan con comunidades indígenas o rurales.
- Do you ever have to work with colleagues whose understanding of language and professional tools are very different from your own?
Sí, esto ocurría en un proyecto de mejora de la calidad educativa en Ucayali (Perú). Ahí se trabajaba con ingenieros, educadores y psicólogos que no tenían experiencia con estudiantes indígenas, en ese caso trabajábamos con yines, shipibos y asháninkas,. No sabían cómo acercarse a ellos, cómo transmitirles determinados conocimientos, básicamente occidentales. El desconocimiento de sus lenguas o aspectos gramaticales de estas y, asimismo, de su cultura les dificultaba realizar un trabajo adecuado.
- How do you handle these differences?
En ese marco el papel del lingüística era fundamental para unir puentes entre los estudiantes indígenas y los colegas de distintas áreas profesionales. Se hacían charlas donde se les explicaba la forma de pensamiento de los jóvenes indígenas, se les daba algunas pautas sobre cómo dirigirse hacia ellos, también eran invitados a asistir a los talleres sobre lengua indígena.
Final thoughts
- How do you feel about your future as an applied linguist?
Se fortalecerá. Espero volver a trabajar con comunidades indígenas, para ello pienso hacer una maestría en Antropología y así adquirir conocimientos que me permitan tener un mejor desenvolvimiento en esa área.
- How is the field going to change, in your opinion?
Habrá mejores profesionales. La mayoría de lingüistas son conscientes de que necesitan otra profesión que se complemente con la lingüística y les permita desarrollarse mejor en sus trabajos. Hay lingüistas que estudian complementación educativa, pues quieren dedicarse a la enseñanza universitaria, otros se dedican a la traducción y enseñanza de idiomas extranjeros, otros estudian terapias del lenguaje, otros complementan sus estudios con alguna disciplina de las ciencias sociales o humanas, etc.
Melissa Vazquez
Bilingual literacy teacher and consultant working on the US-Mexico border
Background
- Where did you grow up and go to school?
My hometown is the border city of El Paso, Texas, USA. I grew up and completed my K-12 education as well as my undergraduate and graduate studies in El Paso.
- What's your job title, and what aspect(s) of language are most central to your work?
Currently, I am an independent Language Arts Consultant, but I was an 8th grade Language Arts/Social Studies teacher for five years at a dual language program. I also taught 7th/8th grade Reading Enrichment and Pre-AP English for five years there as well. Phonology, morphology, semantics, lexicon, and syntax are all central to my work because students are learning about the aspects of language through various speaking, listening, reading and writing practices.
- Why did you want to become a Language Arts teacher?
I wanted to become a Language Arts teacher because I love to read, and I wanted to share my passion with others. I know so many students and adults who hate to read or find reading boring. I wanted to see what I could do to help students develop their reading skills and hopefully, along the way, change their attitudes about reading. Many times people hate reading because they struggle with it or do not see a value associated with it. Once students see the many benefits of reading, and that being literate brings a sense of self-efficacy, especially for struggling readers, and that has been decisive in my choice to become a literacy educator.
- What does your family think of your job and what you do for work?
I come from a family of educators who have been (and many currently are) university professors, principals, teachers, counselors, coaches, and school staff members. Many of my family members, who are Mexican American, struggled to get a college education during the 1940s–1960s because opportunities were limited. Their experiences have shaped their philosophy on giving back to the community through service and helping others achieve. Educating our youth, helping students stay in school, and providing opportunities, resources, and support have been key principles in my family, so they encourage and validate my work as an educator.
- What kinds of formal preparation have you had? What do you know about the clients you work with or plan to work with?
Having worked in accounting for ten years prior to teaching, I had to complete an Alternative Teaching Certification Program at our local university. As a teacher, I've been to a variety of workshops, trainings, and professional development that, in addition to my university classes, have been instrumental in my preparation.
- What kinds of language-related problems do you help solve?
My students struggle with various aspects of language-related problems such as the use of slang and idioms, not understanding vocabulary, and determining denotative and connotative meanings. They have also struggled with the irregularity of the English language especially compared to Spanish because many students are accustomed to the phonetic nature of the Spanish language. Having worked with both adults and adolescents, I find that I have been working with a lot of contextual misunderstandings due to a lack of familiarity with culture or language. All these problems have affected their comprehension, whether it was in text or verbal form.
- Does your work involve working with applied linguists or language professionals whose background and training are different from yours?
Absolutely! I work with a diverse set of teachers whose backgrounds are different and cross many socioeconomic and ethnic boundaries. Some were educated here, but quite a few were educated in other countries. The training my colleagues have received are also just as diverse. The teacher education programs here in the U.S. and abroad have some commonalities but many differences. Knowledge of pedagogy, especially in language development and instruction, also varies per individual.
- How do you think your work helps people?
Being a literacy educator is critical in our society as the skills required for our modern society is changing. While teaching to read and write in a traditional manner is still vital, the nature of literacy is taking many forms and contexts. We not only need individuals who are critical readers and are able to communicate effectively, but also be equipped with an assortment of literacy skills, knowledge, and perspectives. Teachers are at the crux of this phenomenon because we are addressing the cultural and linguistic demands of our students in order to prepare them for a global society.
Technology
- How has your work been influenced or affected by new technologies?
There has been an increase to incorporate as much technology in the classroom as possible to adapt to modern society. Students are growing up in a different way than in the past with computers, the World Wide Web, and digital media being a common part of their day. As a teacher, you have to realize this and modify your instruction.
- What are the forms of technology you use in your job?
I use the internet for research and communication, utilize the various software applications for a multitude of purposes as well as employ a variety of technological tools for learning in the classroom. The World Wide Web has allowed my students access to so many areas of discovery that was not possible before. Software has allowed students to create multimedia projects.
- How did you learn to use them? What technological developments do you think are still needed in your field?
Although I have had some basic training in school and at work, I learned most of it by myself through trial-and-error. At work, everyone gets trained on the basics such as a creating a web page, using a SMART board, or learning the new grading system. I think trainings shouldn't stop at a rudimentary level but continue until advanced proficiency.
I think creating and supporting a wide variety of literacy activities that are engaging, relevant, and interactive for students of diverse linguistic backgrounds are still needed. I also think developments where students can connect and learn with other classrooms around the world would also be enriching. There have been strides in these areas, but I feel there is much room for improvement.
- Is access to these tools and training open to all?
The various training is open to all, but many times the tools such as the SMART board or a projector are not available, are broken, or aren't updated, which causes frustration and sometimes abandonment of using technology.Access and availability to technological tools were a few of my challenges in the classroom.
Globalisation and integration
- Has your work been influenced or affected by immigration or other aspects of globalisation?
Living on the border, I haven't seen much change that could be attributed to immigration as far as student demographics or teaching methods are concerned.Students still have differing levels of English proficiency and different backgrounds that I keep in mind as I develop activities to foster learning. Since I live on the border, I think this has caused a cultural sensitivity that I might not have had if I lived somewhere else that hadn't been impacted by immigration.
Globalization, on the other hand, has influenced my work. Globalization has afforded me opportunities that I might not have experienced otherwise. I worked at a dual language school where our students learn not only English and Spanish, but a third language as well. As a result, I had the privilege of attending three educational trips to China and Japan. I've had the luxury of knowing students and teachers from Germany, Russia, and China where we had rich cultural exchanges. I kept in contact with a teacher in Beijing through email, where we discussed current events, the economy, and educational practices in the U.S. and China.
- As an applied linguist, how does globalisation and economic integration affect your work?
Globalization is bringing about a change in demographics and a wealth of cultural exchange and ideas. As educators, we can't expect to be teaching the same type of student. We need to be aware of this and rethink how we will be dealing with such a diverse set of students and parents with differing experiences and expectations. We also need to think about literacy practices that extend beyond our classroom or purpose. We need to expand practices to include the greater community, nation, and world because we are no longer isolated.
Language, freedom and social responsibility
- How do you share the results of your findings with clients?
I share the results of my findings on an individual basis with those I teach and mentor. I also show students and parents individual and group strengths and weaknesses and provide strategies and resources, so they can take an active part in their learning. Knowledge isn't worth much if it isn't shared.
- What kinds of social justice or equity issues are important in your practice?
Students having access to high-quality education that includes highly qualified teachers, a wealth of resources, and challenging curriculum are some of the equity issues that are important in education, especially in poorer communities or schools that serve primarily minority students. I also think there are assumptions made about a student's knowledge of language with intelligence that are very damaging and limiting.
Disinventing languages
- Does your practice involve identifying or registering clients' languages?
Yes, upon admission to school, a student's home language as well as any other language that is spoken at home is identified. If students meet certain requirements, they are then identified as Limited English Proficiency (LEP).
- Why do you need this information?
We use this information to monitor their language development through observations, diagnostic tests, and formal and informal assessments. We also use this to be aware of their linguistic needs, to tailor instruction, and provide interventions to facilitate their language development.
- How do clients describe themselves linguistically?
This varies with the individual because everyone has their own definition of language proficiency. Some students and parents see students less proficient than teachers do and vice versa. It is very subjective.
- Are there some language identities that don't seem to fit pre-established categories?
Students have various levels of proficiencies as well as their individual strengths and weaknesses, but all students are grouped into this one category. There are other students who don't seem to fit the criteria of the LEP identification, and so teachers are confused by this because of its subjective nature.
- What categories would make sense in your context of practice?
I think categories that have a range of specific abilities and descriptors would be beneficial for all. I know that some school districts have levels within the LEP category, but I don't know if all districts in Texas do or if they are state mandated.
Incorporating cognitive and sociocultural aspects of applied linguistics
- Has your training as an applied linguist been more oriented toward cognitive aspects or sociocultural aspects of language?
I would say that the majority of my training has been oriented toward the cognitive aspects of language, but understanding sociocultural influences and practices on literacy have also been promoted.I think recent research showcasing the home-school discontinuity in literacy practices and ways to bridge the gap by utilizing social and cultural literacy practices is making its way into the classroom. There is an awareness that literacy is both cognitive and social, so in the classroom we need to build upon this knowledge and use it for learning.
- What about in your practice?
I use both a cognitive and sociocultural approaches to literacy because I think they are vitally important in language development. Students learn literacy through many social and cultural practices and contexts, so I use this as a foundation for learning. Additionally, I try to incorporate practices with activities to connect home and school practices. Respecting and honouring these practices in the classroom shows that there are many types of literacy practices, and there isn't just one way. At the same time, I feel it is important that students learn and practice language on an individual basis and are aware of metacognition so that they have many tools available to them.
Final thoughts
- How do you feel about your future as an applied linguist?
I think it is a very interesting time to be an applied linguist because of the unique challenges we are facing with the advances of technology and globalization. I think while there will still be separate Language Arts and Reading teachers, it is essential that all teachers facilitate language skills and multiple literacies. As language varies per context and purpose, it can't be left to just one content area teacher to try to address the literacy skills needed for the many contexts, roles, and subjects. These challenges make our jobs as teachers, not just language teachers, crucial because there is a lot at stake.
- How is the field going to change, in your opinion?
The way teachers have traditionally taught is going to have to change to meet the needs and demands of a technological society as well as educating people from many different backgrounds.Teachers can't use the same formulaic methods. Teachers have to acknowledge that literacy is not just about reading and writing. Literacy changes and adapts to different contexts and purposes, and teachers need to understand and integrate this. Students are not just going to be reading from books but using the internet, the media, and other technological resources for many literacy tasks.
- Is there anything else about your applied linguistics practice that you would like to share with readers of Mapping Applied Linguistics?
Through my work, I discovered that I can't just use the same methods I was taught when I went to school because so much has changed. Language and literacy is multifaceted, so we have to educate ourselves first about the complexities of language and the changing nature of literacy, so we can better serve the needs of our students.