Alice Augusta Ball was an American chemist who developed the most effective treatment for leprosy. At the time, the best treatment available was chaulmoogra oil from the seeds of the <em>Hydnocarpus wightianus</em> from India. Ball isolated the ester components from the oil, chemically modified them and developed a technique to make the oil injectable and absorbable by the body. Three carboxylic acid derivatives of chaulmoogra oil are hydnocarpic acid, chaulmoogric acid and gorlic acid.
Chapter 1

Alice Augusta Ball

Caption

Alice Augusta Ball was an American chemist who developed the most effective treatment for leprosy. At the time, the best treatment available was chaulmoogra oil from the seeds of the Hydnocarpus wightianus from India. Ball isolated the ester components from the oil, chemically modified them and developed a technique to make the oil injectable and absorbable by the body. Three carboxylic acid derivatives of chaulmoogra oil are hydnocarpic acid, chaulmoogric acid and gorlic acid.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Ball

Alma Levant Hayden was an American chemist, who worked on infrared and other techniques for analyzing chemicals. She led the team that showed the principle component of Krebiozen, a controversial alternative anti-cancer treatment was creatine.
Chapter 1

Alma Levant Hayden

Caption

Alma Levant Hayden was an American chemist, who worked on infrared and other techniques for analyzing chemicals. She led the team that showed the principle component of Krebiozen, a controversial alternative anti-cancer treatment was creatine.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma_Levant_Hayden

Asima Chatterjee was an Indian organic chemist noted for her work in the fields of organic chemistry and phytomedicine and she worked with vinca alkaloids, developed anti-epileptic and anti-malarial drugs. Her work focused primarily on alkaloids.
Chapter 1

Asima Chatterjee

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Asima Chatterjee was an Indian organic chemist noted for her work in the fields of organic chemistry and phytomedicine and she worked with vinca alkaloids, developed anti-epileptic and anti-malarial drugs. Her work focused primarily on alkaloids.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asima_Chatterjee

Dorothy June Sutor studied attractive hydrogen bonding interactions involving hydrogen atoms attached to carbon atoms. She used crystallography to study the crystal structure of 1,3,7,9- tetramethyluric acid, or theacrine and she measured the distance between the methyl hydrogen and the oxygen.
Chapter 1

Dorothy June Sutor

Caption

Dorothy June Sutor studied attractive hydrogen bonding interactions involving hydrogen atoms attached to carbon atoms. She used crystallography to study the crystal structure of 1,3,7,9- tetramethyluric acid, or theacrine and she measured the distance between the methyl hydrogen and the oxygen.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Sutor

Gerty Theresa Cori was an Austro-Hungarian-American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in for her significant role in the "discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen". She helped to discover the so-called Cori ester, an intermediate compound in frog muscles that enabled the breakdown of glycogen, called glucose-1-phosphate. She helped establish the compound's structure, identified the enzyme phosphorylase that catalyzed its chemical formation, and showed that the Cori ester is the beginning step in the conversion of the carbohydrate glycogen into glucose (breaking down energy stores into a format in which they can be used).
Chapter 1

Gerty Theresa Cori

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Gerty Theresa Cori was an Austro-Hungarian-American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in for her significant role in the "discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen". She helped to discover the so-called Cori ester, an intermediate compound in frog muscles that enabled the breakdown of glycogen, called glucose-1-phosphate. She helped establish the compound's structure, identified the enzyme phosphorylase that catalyzed its chemical formation, and showed that the Cori ester is the beginning step in the conversion of the carbohydrate glycogen into glucose (breaking down energy stores into a format in which they can be used).

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gerty_Theresa_Cori.jpg

Henry Eyring was a theoretical chemist whose primary contribution was in the study of chemical reaction rates and intermediates. He developed the absolute rate theory or transition state theory for chemical reactions.
Chapter 1

Henry Eyring

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Henry Eyring was a theoretical chemist whose primary contribution was in the study of chemical reaction rates and intermediates. He developed the absolute rate theory or transition state theory for chemical reactions.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Eyring_(chemist)

Joyce Jacobson Kaufman was an American chemist who introduced the concept of conformational topology and applied it to biomedical molecules and she described a new theoretical method for coding and retrieving certain carcinogenic hydrocarbons. Her work was critical to developments in pharmacology, drug design, and quantum chemistry.
Chapter 1

Joyce Jacobson Kaufman

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Joyce Jacobson Kaufman was an American chemist who introduced the concept of conformational topology and applied it to biomedical molecules and she described a new theoretical method for coding and retrieving certain carcinogenic hydrocarbons. Her work was critical to developments in pharmacology, drug design, and quantum chemistry.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Jacobson_Kaufman

Julia Lermontova was a Russian chemist who was the first Russian female doctor in chemistry She did research on 2-methylbut-2-enoic acid. She was the first woman to work in this area of oil research and worked on a method of synthesizing alkene hydrocarbons, which was later known as the Butlerov-Eltekov-Lermontova reaction.
Chapter 1

Julia Lermontova

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Julia Lermontova was a Russian chemist who was the first Russian female doctor in chemistry She did research on 2-methylbut-2-enoic acid. She was the first woman to work in this area of oil research and worked on a method of synthesizing alkene hydrocarbons, which was later known as the Butlerov-Eltekov-Lermontova reaction.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Lermontova

Luis Ernesto Miramontes Cárdenas was a Mexican chemist known as the co-inventor of the progestin norethisterone used in one of the first three oral contraceptives. The first synthesis of norethisterone is the work of Miramontes.
Chapter 1

Luis Ernesto Miramontes Cárdenas

Caption

Luis Ernesto Miramontes Cárdenas was a Mexican chemist known as the co-inventor of the progestin norethisterone used in one of the first three oral contraceptives. The first synthesis of norethisterone is the work of Miramontes.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_E._Miramontes

Maria Goeppert-Mayer was a German scientist who formulated the nuclear shell model that protons and neutrons within the nucleus were distributed in shells, according to their energy level. The nucleus was made up of closed shells, in which pairs of neutrons and protons tended to couple together. She won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963.
Chapter 1

Maria Goeppert-Mayer

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Maria Goeppert-Mayer was a German scientist who formulated the nuclear shell model that protons and neutrons within the nucleus were distributed in shells, according to their energy level. The nucleus was made up of closed shells, in which pairs of neutrons and protons tended to couple together. She won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer

Marie Maynard Daly was an American biochemist and the first African American woman in the United States to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry. Daly made important contributions in four areas of research: the chemistry of histones, protein synthesis, the relationship between cholesterol and hypertension and the update of creatine by muscle cells. Histones are highly basic proteins that are found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that act as spools around which DNA winds to create nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are wrapped into 30-nanometeer fibers that form chromatin. Histones prevent DNA from becoming tangled and protect it from damage and they play an important role in gene regulation and DNA replication.
Chapter 1

Marie Maynard Daly

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Marie Maynard Daly was an American biochemist and the first African American woman in the United States to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry. Daly made important contributions in four areas of research: the chemistry of histones, protein synthesis, the relationship between cholesterol and hypertension and the update of creatine by muscle cells. Histones are highly basic proteins that are found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that act as spools around which DNA winds to create nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are wrapped into 30-nanometeer fibers that form chromatin. Histones prevent DNA from becoming tangled and protect it from damage and they play an important role in gene regulation and DNA replication.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Maynard_Daly

Mary Elliott Hill was an African-American chemist, working as both an organic and an analytical chemist. She worked on the properties of ultraviolet light and developed analytic methodology to track the progress of chemical reactions and utilized ultraviolet spectrophotometry.
Chapter 1

Mary Elliott Hill

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Mary Elliott Hill was an African-American chemist, working as both an organic and an analytical chemist. She worked on the properties of ultraviolet light and developed analytic methodology to track the progress of chemical reactions and utilized ultraviolet spectrophotometry.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elliott_Hill

Mildred Cohn was an American biochemist who studied chemical reactions within animal cells, pioneering the use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) to study enzyme reactions and enzymatic catalysis.
Chapter 1

Mildred Cohn

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Mildred Cohn was an American biochemist who studied chemical reactions within animal cells, pioneering the use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) to study enzyme reactions and enzymatic catalysis.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_Cohn

Percy Lavon Julian was an American chemists and a major contributor to the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants. He was the first to synthesize physostigmine and a leader in developing industrial syntheses of progesterone, testosterone cortisone and other corticosteroids and birth control pills.
Chapter 1

Percy Lavon Julian

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Percy Lavon Julian was an American chemists and a major contributor to the chemical synthesis of medicinal drugs from plants. He was the first to synthesize physostigmine and a leader in developing industrial syntheses of progesterone, testosterone cortisone and other corticosteroids and birth control pills.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Lavon_Julian

Sir Prafulla Chandra Ray was a Bengali chemist whose research involved nitrite chemistry. His work contributed greatly to the chemistry of nitrites and hyponitrites of different metals, and on nitrites of ammonia and organic amines.
Chapter 1

Prafulla Chandra Ray

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Sir Prafulla Chandra Ray was a Bengali chemist whose research involved nitrite chemistry. His work contributed greatly to the chemistry of nitrites and hyponitrites of different metals, and on nitrites of ammonia and organic amines.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prafulla_Chandra_Ray

Samuel Proctor Massie, Jr. was an American chemist who contributed towards the development of therapeutic drugs, including the chemistry of phenothiazine. Phenothiazine is one member of a class of compounds that exhibit antiemetic, antipsychotic, antihistaminic, and anticholinergic activities. Massie and others were granted a patent for a chemical compound to treat gonorrhea, malaria, and bacterial infections.
Chapter 1

Samuel Proctor Massie, Jr.

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Samuel Proctor Massie, Jr. was an American chemist who contributed towards the development of therapeutic drugs, including the chemistry of phenothiazine. Phenothiazine is one member of a class of compounds that exhibit antiemetic, antipsychotic, antihistaminic, and anticholinergic activities. Massie and others were granted a patent for a chemical compound to treat gonorrhea, malaria, and bacterial infections.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_P._Massie

Stephanie Louise Kwolek was an American chemist who discovered the first of a family of synthetic fibers of exceptional strength, Kevlar, which is poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide
Chapter 1

Stephanie Louise Kwolek

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Stephanie Louise Kwolek was an American chemist who discovered the first of a family of synthetic fibers of exceptional strength, Kevlar, which is poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek

Walter Lincoln Hawkins was an American chemist who made significant contributions to polymer chemistry. He worked at Bell Laboratories and was a key player in the design of a long-lasting plastic and a polymer-based cable sheath for telephone cables. Later in his career he shifted his research focus towards minimizing plastic waste.
Chapter 1

Walter Lincoln Hawkins

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Walter Lincoln Hawkins was an American chemist who made significant contributions to polymer chemistry. He worked at Bell Laboratories and was a key player in the design of a long-lasting plastic and a polymer-based cable sheath for telephone cables. Later in his career he shifted his research focus towards minimizing plastic waste.

Acknowledgement

https://aaregistry.org/story/w-lincoln-hawkins-chemist-born/ This photo is reprinted with permission from the African American Registry.

Weisun Tao was a Chinese scientist of biochemical research and one of the founders of the protein chemistry research in China.
Chapter 1

Weisun Tao

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Weisun Tao was a Chinese scientist of biochemical research and one of the founders of the protein chemistry research in China.

Acknowledgement

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), from Protein Cell, 2019 Jul; 10(7): 467–469. Figure 1. Open Access.

Gunda I. Georg is an organic chemist and a medicinal chemist at the University of Minnesota. Her work involves the total synthesis and semisynthesis of biologically active agents. She is a leading researcher in male contraception and conducts research on Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy and cancer experimental therapeutics. Professor Georg has synthesized new cardenolides with improved selectivity for inhibition of the Na,K-ATPase α4 isoform, which interfere with sperm motility and sperm hyperactivation and is an attractive target for further development of a male contraceptive. The N-benzyltriazole derivative shown was synthesized and shown to be a picomolar inhibitor of Na,K-ATPase a4 and sperm function. The activity included a decrease in sperm motility in vitro and in vivo, affected sperm membrane potential, intracellular Ca2+, pH and hypermotility. See https://www.pharmacy.umn.edu/bio/pharmacy-faculty-a-z/gunda-georg
Chapter 5

Gunda I. Georg

Caption

Gunda I. Georg is an organic chemist and a medicinal chemist at the University of Minnesota. Her work involves the total synthesis and semisynthesis of biologically active agents. She is a leading researcher in male contraception and conducts research on Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy and cancer experimental therapeutics. Professor Georg has synthesized new cardenolides with improved selectivity for inhibition of the Na,K-ATPase α4 isoform, which interfere with sperm motility and sperm hyperactivation and is an attractive target for further development of a male contraceptive. The N-benzyltriazole derivative shown was synthesized and shown to be a picomolar inhibitor of Na,K-ATPase a4 and sperm function. The activity included a decrease in sperm motility in vitro and in vivo, affected sperm membrane potential, intracellular Ca2+, pH and hypermotility. See https://www.pharmacy.umn.edu/bio/pharmacy-faculty-a-z/gunda-georg

Acknowledgement

This photo is reproduced with permission from Professor Georg: https://www.pharmacy.umn.edu/bio/pharmacy-faculty-a-z/gunda-georg

Luis A. Echegoyen is a professor at the University of Texas, El Paso whose research focuses on new materials, complexes of fullerenes, recognition complexes, and self-assembly. He has an active research program in fullerene electrochemistry, monolayer films, supramolecular chemistry, endohedral fullerene chemistry and electrochemistry; and carbon nano onions (carbon nano onions are carbonaceous nanostructures composed of multiple concentric shells of fullerenes), fullerene synthesis, derivatization and fractionation. Some of Professor Echegoyan’s recent work involves the role of fullerenes in solar cells. See <a href='https://www.utep.edu/science/echegoyen/Group%20members/Dr.%20Luis%20%20Echegoyen.html'>https://www.utep.edu/science/echegoyen/Group%20members/Dr.%20Luis%20%20Echegoyen.html</a>
Chapter 8

Luis A. Echegoyen

Caption

Luis A. Echegoyen is a professor at the University of Texas, El Paso whose research focuses on new materials, complexes of fullerenes, recognition complexes, and self-assembly. He has an active research program in fullerene electrochemistry, monolayer films, supramolecular chemistry, endohedral fullerene chemistry and electrochemistry; and carbon nano onions (carbon nano onions are carbonaceous nanostructures composed of multiple concentric shells of fullerenes), fullerene synthesis, derivatization and fractionation. Some of Professor Echegoyan’s recent work involves the role of fullerenes in solar cells. See https://www.utep.edu/science/echegoyen/Group%20members/Dr.%20Luis%20%20Echegoyen.html

Acknowledgement

Photo reproduced with permission from Professor Echegoyen and University Communications at The University of Texas at El Paso.

Martin Paul Gouterman was a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Washington who is best known for seminal work on the optical spectra or porphyrins, for which he developed a simple model generally referred to as <em>Gouterman's four-orbital model</em> that is able to predict the intensity differences between the absorption bands of porphyrins. He described how the chemical structures of porphyrins determine whether the spectral shape was 'normal', <em>hyper</em>- and <em>hypso</em>-.
Chapter 8

Martin Paul Gouterman

Caption

Martin Paul Gouterman was a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Washington who is best known for seminal work on the optical spectra or porphyrins, for which he developed a simple model generally referred to as Gouterman's four-orbital model that is able to predict the intensity differences between the absorption bands of porphyrins. He described how the chemical structures of porphyrins determine whether the spectral shape was 'normal', hyper- and hypso-.

Acknowledgement

This photo is provided by the Department of Chemistry at the University of Washington

Koji Nakanishi was a Japanese organic chemist at Columbia University who studied the isolation, structural and bioorganic studies of bioactive compounds, including proteins. He did a great deal of work with infrared spectroscopy and helped developed various spectroscopic methods, including circular dichroism spectroscopy. He determined the structures of over 200 biologically active animal and plant natural products. His work led to clarification of the porphyrin/porphyrin interactions and performed stereochemical studies that included ab initio calculation of CD and ORD (optical rotatory dispersion) of natural products
Chapter 9

Koji Nakanishi

Caption

Koji Nakanishi was a Japanese organic chemist at Columbia University who studied the isolation, structural and bioorganic studies of bioactive compounds, including proteins. He did a great deal of work with infrared spectroscopy and helped developed various spectroscopic methods, including circular dichroism spectroscopy. He determined the structures of over 200 biologically active animal and plant natural products. His work led to clarification of the porphyrin/porphyrin interactions and performed stereochemical studies that included ab initio calculation of CD and ORD (optical rotatory dispersion) of natural products

Acknowledgement

This photo reproduced with permission from University Archives, Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Columbia University Libraries: http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/koji_nakanishi.html

Katherine Lee (USA) is a member of the Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit at Pfizer, Inc., where she is the Head of Scientific Planning and Operations. Dr. Lee is an expert in medicinal chemistry, with research interests including fragment-based drug design, structure-based drug design, and optimization of ADME and safety properties. Dr. Lee is a co-inventor of several clinical compounds, including a first-in-class IRAK4 inhibitor in Phase 2 and two cPLA2a inhibitors that achieved Phase 2 Proof of Concept.
Chapter 10

Katherine Lee

Caption

Katherine Lee (USA) is a member of the Inflammation and Immunology Research Unit at Pfizer, Inc., where she is the Head of Scientific Planning and Operations. Dr. Lee is an expert in medicinal chemistry, with research interests including fragment-based drug design, structure-based drug design, and optimization of ADME and safety properties. Dr. Lee is a co-inventor of several clinical compounds, including a first-in-class IRAK4 inhibitor in Phase 2 and two cPLA2a inhibitors that achieved Phase 2 Proof of Concept.

Acknowledgement

This photo is reproduced by the courtesy of and with the permission of Dr. Katherine Lee.

King Kuok (Mimi) Hii from Imperial College London is an organic chemist whose fields of research include the application of catalysis to organic synthesis. She is the Director of Imperial College London’s Centre for Rapid Online Analysis of Reactions (ROAR). Professor Hii has investigated catalysis during her research career, producing over a hundred articles, reviews, book chapters and patents. See https://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/mimi.hii.
Chapter 10

King Kuok (Mimi) Hii

Caption

King Kuok (Mimi) Hii from Imperial College London is an organic chemist whose fields of research include the application of catalysis to organic synthesis. She is the Director of Imperial College London’s Centre for Rapid Online Analysis of Reactions (ROAR). Professor Hii has investigated catalysis during her research career, producing over a hundred articles, reviews, book chapters and patents. See https://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/mimi.hii.

Acknowledgement

This photo is reproduced with permission from Professor Hii: https://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/mimi.hii

Nicole S. Sampson is a professor at Stony Brook University who does research into precision polymer synthesis for studying fertilization and cholera intoxication, studies lipid-protein Interactions and explores tuberculosis drug discovery and diagnosis through mycobacterial steroid metabolism. Recent work has included ruthenium-catalyzed ring opening metathesis polymerization, the design of new ROMP monomers, and the preparation of perfectly alternating copolymers. The preparation of an AB copolymer requires a monomer that cannot homopolymerize but undergoes cross-polymerization. Alternating copolymers were prepared with different spacings between heteroatom functionalities on the side chains using a alternating ringopening metathesis polymerization (AROMP) reaction with tunable glass transition behavior and hydrophobicity. See https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/chemistry/faculty/_facultyprofiles/ sampson-nicole.
Chapter 10

Nicole S. Sampson

Caption

Nicole S. Sampson is a professor at Stony Brook University who does research into precision polymer synthesis for studying fertilization and cholera intoxication, studies lipid-protein Interactions and explores tuberculosis drug discovery and diagnosis through mycobacterial steroid metabolism. Recent work has included ruthenium-catalyzed ring opening metathesis polymerization, the design of new ROMP monomers, and the preparation of perfectly alternating copolymers. The preparation of an AB copolymer requires a monomer that cannot homopolymerize but undergoes cross-polymerization. Alternating copolymers were prepared with different spacings between heteroatom functionalities on the side chains using a alternating ringopening metathesis polymerization (AROMP) reaction with tunable glass transition behavior and hydrophobicity. See https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/chemistry/faculty/_facultyprofiles/ sampson-nicole.

Acknowledgement

This photo is provided courtesy of Conor Harrigan Photography, reproduced with permission from Professor Sampson: https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/chemistry/faculty/_faculty-profiles/sampson-nicole

M. Christina White is the Lycan Professor of Organic Chemistry at the University of Illinois, Champaign- Urbana. She has developed a palladium/sulfoxide catalyst known as the White catalyst that promote allylic C—H functionalization, iron and manganese/PDP catalysts known as the White-Chen and the White-Gormisky-Zhao catalysts that perform aliphatic C—H hydroxylations, and manganese phthalocyanine catalysts known as the White-Paradine and White- Clark that perform C—H aminations. The catalysts are co-named after the students that discovered them and are commercially available and widely used in chemical synthesis. Professor White and her team aim to study and develop selective allylic and aliphatic C-H functionalization reactions (the atomistic change of C—H to C—O, C—N, or C—C) for use in organic synthesis. White’s novel catalysts functionalize C-H bonds selectively, predictively, and without the need for directing groups. She discovered that these catalysts distinguish C—H bonds based on recognition of differences in their electronic, steric and stereoelectronic properties. White also showed that these catalysts can be altered to change what C—H bond they prefer to oxidize. Using these catalysts White has pioneered the area of late-stage functionalization where such atomistic changes are made at late-stages in synthesis or directly on natural products or drugs to change their chemical properties. Recent research in the White lab includes discovering catalysts that can: perform these reactions at multiple different sites on the same molecule, can tolerate other functionality more prone to oxidations (olefins, alcohols), and can install these functional groups to form new chiral centers. See https://chemistry.illinois.edu/mcwhite7.
Chapter 11

M. Christina White

Caption

M. Christina White is the Lycan Professor of Organic Chemistry at the University of Illinois, Champaign- Urbana. She has developed a palladium/sulfoxide catalyst known as the White catalyst that promote allylic C—H functionalization, iron and manganese/PDP catalysts known as the White-Chen and the White-Gormisky-Zhao catalysts that perform aliphatic C—H hydroxylations, and manganese phthalocyanine catalysts known as the White-Paradine and White- Clark that perform C—H aminations. The catalysts are co-named after the students that discovered them and are commercially available and widely used in chemical synthesis. Professor White and her team aim to study and develop selective allylic and aliphatic C-H functionalization reactions (the atomistic change of C—H to C—O, C—N, or C—C) for use in organic synthesis. White’s novel catalysts functionalize C-H bonds selectively, predictively, and without the need for directing groups. She discovered that these catalysts distinguish C—H bonds based on recognition of differences in their electronic, steric and stereoelectronic properties. White also showed that these catalysts can be altered to change what C—H bond they prefer to oxidize. Using these catalysts White has pioneered the area of late-stage functionalization where such atomistic changes are made at late-stages in synthesis or directly on natural products or drugs to change their chemical properties. Recent research in the White lab includes discovering catalysts that can: perform these reactions at multiple different sites on the same molecule, can tolerate other functionality more prone to oxidations (olefins, alcohols), and can install these functional groups to form new chiral centers. See https://chemistry.illinois.edu/mcwhite7.

Acknowledgement

This photo reproduced by the courtesy of and the permission of Professor White.

Véronique Gouverneur (Belgium/England) is a professor of chemistry at the University of Oxford. Professor Gouverneur’s interdisciplinary research lies at the interface of chemistry and medicine. Her work in fluorine chemistry focuses on late stage fluorination using both the naturally occurring isotope 19F and the cyclotron-produced positron emitting radioisotope 18F. Fluorine compounds have many applications, including in pharmaceutical drugs. These advances have found direct applications in the pharmaceutical sector and in clinical imaging, particularly Positron Emission Tomography (PET), which is a diagnostic nuclear imaging modality that relies on automated protocols to prepare agents labeled with a positronemitting radionuclide (e.g., 18F). Professor Gouverneur developed the first 18F carbon bond formatting reaction using a palladium-catalyzed method for the formation of allylic C—F bonds from allylic p-nitrobenzoates. See http://gouverneur.chem.ox.ac.uk/veronique.aspx
Chapter 11

Véronique Gouverneur

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Véronique Gouverneur (Belgium/England) is a professor of chemistry at the University of Oxford. Professor Gouverneur’s interdisciplinary research lies at the interface of chemistry and medicine. Her work in fluorine chemistry focuses on late stage fluorination using both the naturally occurring isotope 19F and the cyclotron-produced positron emitting radioisotope 18F. Fluorine compounds have many applications, including in pharmaceutical drugs. These advances have found direct applications in the pharmaceutical sector and in clinical imaging, particularly Positron Emission Tomography (PET), which is a diagnostic nuclear imaging modality that relies on automated protocols to prepare agents labeled with a positronemitting radionuclide (e.g., 18F). Professor Gouverneur developed the first 18F carbon bond formatting reaction using a palladium-catalyzed method for the formation of allylic C—F bonds from allylic p-nitrobenzoates. See http://gouverneur.chem.ox.ac.uk/veronique.aspx

Acknowledgement

Photo reproduced by the courtesy of and the permission of Professor Gouverneur.

Richmond Sarpong is an organic chemist from Ghana/USA and a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. His research involves the total synthesis of biologically active and architecturally complex natural products and the development of new synthetic methods and strategies. He is interested in C—C bond forming processes that uses strain release and aromatization to provide new synthetic strategies, the generation of metal vinylidenes under mild reaction conditions as a new entry into C—H functionalization and the use of reactive intermediates such as metallo-carbenoids and radicals. See https://chemistry.berkeley.edu/faculty/chem/sarpong
Chapter 12

Richmond Sarpong

Caption

Richmond Sarpong is an organic chemist from Ghana/USA and a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. His research involves the total synthesis of biologically active and architecturally complex natural products and the development of new synthetic methods and strategies. He is interested in C—C bond forming processes that uses strain release and aromatization to provide new synthetic strategies, the generation of metal vinylidenes under mild reaction conditions as a new entry into C—H functionalization and the use of reactive intermediates such as metallo-carbenoids and radicals. See https://chemistry.berkeley.edu/faculty/chem/sarpong

Acknowledgement

This photo is reproduced with permission of Professor Sarpong. https://sarponggroup.com/richmond-sarpong/

Marie Skłodowska Curie was a Polish and naturalized French physicist and chemist. She developed the theory of "radioactivity" (a term she coined). She discovered that uranium rays caused the air around a sample to conduct electricity and hypothesized that the radiation must come from the atom itself. Using techniques she invented for isolating radioactive isotopes she discovered polonium and radium.
Chapter 13

Marie Skłodowska Curie

Caption

Marie Skłodowska Curie was a Polish and naturalized French physicist and chemist. She developed the theory of "radioactivity" (a term she coined). She discovered that uranium rays caused the air around a sample to conduct electricity and hypothesized that the radiation must come from the atom itself. Using techniques she invented for isolating radioactive isotopes she discovered polonium and radium.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Curie

Ingrid Montes-González is a professor at the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras. Her research involves organometallic chemistry, specifically ferrocene derivatives that have exhibited a broad range of biological activity. The applications of ferrocene derivatives include photovoltaic cells, phototherapeutic agents, and drug design. She is also actively involved in chemical education and the research is based upon the theoretical perspective building on constructivist and meaningful learning theory. Professor Montes also belongs to the Board of Directors at the American Chemical Society. See https://natsci.uprrp.edu/chemistry/ingrid-montes/ and http://www.ingridmontes.org.
Chapter 14

Ingrid Montes-González

Caption

Ingrid Montes-González is a professor at the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras. Her research involves organometallic chemistry, specifically ferrocene derivatives that have exhibited a broad range of biological activity. The applications of ferrocene derivatives include photovoltaic cells, phototherapeutic agents, and drug design. She is also actively involved in chemical education and the research is based upon the theoretical perspective building on constructivist and meaningful learning theory. Professor Montes also belongs to the Board of Directors at the American Chemical Society. See https://natsci.uprrp.edu/chemistry/ingrid-montes/ and http://www.ingridmontes.org.

Acknowledgement

This photo is reproduced by the courtesy of and the permission of Professor Montes-González.

Janine Cossy of France is a professor of organic chemistry at ESPCI Paris (École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris) and her work focuses on the total synthesis of natural biologically-active products like antitumor agents, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories or products acting on the central nervous system. Professor Cossy has also conducted research on organometallics, free-radical reactions and photochemical reactions. See https://www.lco.espci.fr/-Prof-Janine-Cossy
Chapter 14

Janine Cossy

Caption

Janine Cossy of France is a professor of organic chemistry at ESPCI Paris (École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie Industrielles de la Ville de Paris) and her work focuses on the total synthesis of natural biologically-active products like antitumor agents, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories or products acting on the central nervous system. Professor Cossy has also conducted research on organometallics, free-radical reactions and photochemical reactions. See https://www.lco.espci.fr/-Prof-Janine-Cossy

Acknowledgement

This photo is reproduced by the courtesy of and the permission of Professor Cossy. Copyright Juliette Agnel.

Yian Shi (China/USA) is Professor of Chemistry at Colorado State University. His research is focused on synthetic organic chemistry. He develops novel methodologies and their application in the synthesis of natural products exhibiting unique chemical complexity and significant biological activity. A recent focus has been the functionalization of alkenes with an emphasis on chemo-, regio-, enantio-, and diastereoselectivity. He developed an efficient asymmetric epoxidation method for a variety of <em>trans</em>- and trisubstituted alkenes, electron deficient olefins, <em>cis</em>-alkenes and terminal alkenes
Chapter 15

Yian Shi

Caption

Yian Shi (China/USA) is Professor of Chemistry at Colorado State University. His research is focused on synthetic organic chemistry. He develops novel methodologies and their application in the synthesis of natural products exhibiting unique chemical complexity and significant biological activity. A recent focus has been the functionalization of alkenes with an emphasis on chemo-, regio-, enantio-, and diastereoselectivity. He developed an efficient asymmetric epoxidation method for a variety of trans- and trisubstituted alkenes, electron deficient olefins, cis-alkenes and terminal alkenes

Acknowledgement

https://shilab.chem.colostate.edu/Yian%20Shi/Yian%20Shi.html

Yoshito Kishi is a professor of organic chemistry at Harvard University. He has made many contributions to organic chemistry, especially in the total synthesis of complex natural products, and the development of new chemical reactions including the Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi reaction. Apart from his important work in total synthesis and methods development, he also developed a NMR database of various molecules in chiral solvents. See https://chemistry.harvard.edu/people/yoshito-kishi
Chapter 16

Yoshito Kishi

Caption

Yoshito Kishi is a professor of organic chemistry at Harvard University. He has made many contributions to organic chemistry, especially in the total synthesis of complex natural products, and the development of new chemical reactions including the Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi reaction. Apart from his important work in total synthesis and methods development, he also developed a NMR database of various molecules in chiral solvents. See https://chemistry.harvard.edu/people/yoshito-kishi

Acknowledgement

This photo is reproduced by the courtesy of and the permission of Professor Kishi.

Huang-Minlon was a Chinese organic chemist and pharmaceutical scientist. Huang-Minlon is considered a pioneer and founder of modern pharmaceutical industry in China. He developed the <em>Huang-Minlon modification</em>, which is the earliest instance of an organic reaction associated with the name of a Chinese chemist.
Chapter 17

Huang-Minlon

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Huang-Minlon was a Chinese organic chemist and pharmaceutical scientist. Huang-Minlon is considered a pioneer and founder of modern pharmaceutical industry in China. He developed the Huang-Minlon modification, which is the earliest instance of an organic reaction associated with the name of a Chinese chemist.

Acknowledgement

From Ma, S.; Craig, G.W. Helvetica Chemica Acta 2013, 96, 1822-1840, Figure 8, p 1837 therein. Reprinted with permission from John Wiley and Sons.

Amy R. Howell is an organic chemist at the University of Connecticut, who does research to develop new synthetic methodology. Professor Howell has completed several syntheses that exploit the chemistry of 2-alkylidene oxetanes, oxaspirohexanes and dioxaspirohexanes and has developed metal mediated approaches to the rapid assembly of diverse β-lactones as tools for proteomic profiling. See https://chemistry.uconn.edu/person/amy-howell/#
Chapter 18

Amy R. Howell

Caption

Amy R. Howell is an organic chemist at the University of Connecticut, who does research to develop new synthetic methodology. Professor Howell has completed several syntheses that exploit the chemistry of 2-alkylidene oxetanes, oxaspirohexanes and dioxaspirohexanes and has developed metal mediated approaches to the rapid assembly of diverse β-lactones as tools for proteomic profiling. See https://chemistry.uconn.edu/person/amy-howell/#

Acknowledgement

This photo is reproduced with the permission of Professor Howell https://chemistry.uconn.edu/person/amy-howell/

Cynthia K. McClure (USA; 1953-2014) was professor of chemistry at Montana State University who began her career at the University of Delaware. Her work focused on the development of new reactions and the synthesis of natural products. In part, she studied phosphonate and oxaphospholene analogs.
Chapter 18

Cynthia K. McClure

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Cynthia K. McClure (USA; 1953-2014) was professor of chemistry at Montana State University who began her career at the University of Delaware. Her work focused on the development of new reactions and the synthesis of natural products. In part, she studied phosphonate and oxaphospholene analogs.

Acknowledgement

This photo is provided by the Department of Chemistry at the University of Delaware

Louise Pearce was a pathologist at the Rockefeller Institute helped develop a treatment for African sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis), a fatal epidemic which had devastated areas of Africa, killing two-thirds of the population of the Uganda protectorate between 1900 and 1906 alone. She helped develop and prove that tryparsamide proved successful in combating the fatal epidemic, curing 80% of cases. Tryparsamide remained the standard treatment for the disease until the 1960s. She also studied the role of viruses in spreading cancer.
Chapter 18

Louise Pearce

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Louise Pearce was a pathologist at the Rockefeller Institute helped develop a treatment for African sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis), a fatal epidemic which had devastated areas of Africa, killing two-thirds of the population of the Uganda protectorate between 1900 and 1906 alone. She helped develop and prove that tryparsamide proved successful in combating the fatal epidemic, curing 80% of cases. Tryparsamide remained the standard treatment for the disease until the 1960s. She also studied the role of viruses in spreading cancer.

Acknowledgement

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Pearce

Professor <u>Tohru Fukuyama</u> (Japan) is an organic chemist who has made major contributions to the synthesis of natural products that have interesting biological activity, including vinblastine, lysergic acid, tetrodotoxin, kainic acid, lemonomycin, naphthyridinomycin, and the mitomycins. Professor Fukuyama’s work also includes the investigation of new synthetic methodologies and new protecting groups that include the synthesis of amines using nitrobenzenesulfonyl groups, indole synthesis by radical cyclization of o-alkenylphenylisocyanides or o-alkenythioanilides, and transformation of thiol esters to aldehydes or ketones. See fukuyama@ps.nagoya-u.ac.jp.
Chapter 18

Tohru Fukuyama

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Professor Tohru Fukuyama (Japan) is an organic chemist who has made major contributions to the synthesis of natural products that have interesting biological activity, including vinblastine, lysergic acid, tetrodotoxin, kainic acid, lemonomycin, naphthyridinomycin, and the mitomycins. Professor Fukuyama’s work also includes the investigation of new synthetic methodologies and new protecting groups that include the synthesis of amines using nitrobenzenesulfonyl groups, indole synthesis by radical cyclization of o-alkenylphenylisocyanides or o-alkenythioanilides, and transformation of thiol esters to aldehydes or ketones. See fukuyama@ps.nagoya-u.ac.jp.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohru_Fukuyama

Ei-ichi Negishi was Japanese organic chemist best known for his discovery of the Negishi coupling. The Negishi coupling condenses organic zinc compounds and organic halides with a palladium or nickel catalyst. The Negishi coupling couples organic triflates or organic halides with organozinc compounds to form “Cp2Zr“ (the Negishi reagent) in situ. This reagent can be used to couple alkene and alkynes and to form biaryls.
Chapter 19

Ei-ichi Negishi

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Ei-ichi Negishi was Japanese organic chemist best known for his discovery of the Negishi coupling. The Negishi coupling condenses organic zinc compounds and organic halides with a palladium or nickel catalyst. The Negishi coupling couples organic triflates or organic halides with organozinc compounds to form “Cp2Zr“ (the Negishi reagent) in situ. This reagent can be used to couple alkene and alkynes and to form biaryls.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ei-ichi_Negishi

Marisa C. Kozlowski (USA) is a Professor of organic and catalysis chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania. Her research is focused on the asymmetric synthesis of biologically important molecules and the development of cost effective catalysts. Professor Kozlowski has developed computational programs to better understand chemical reactions. Much of her work has focused on the biphenol scaffold, which is a prevalent substructure in biologically active natural compounds. Professor Kozlowski has developed a photocatalytic method for phenol-phenol homo-coupling and cross-coupling that circumvents the requirement of the halide at the coupling position, thereby enhancing atom economy. Using the photocatalyst MesAcr+BF4- (9-mesityl-10- methylacridinium tetrafluoroborate), blue light-emitting diodes (LED) provide the activation needed for the reaction to occur. See https://www.chem.upenn.edu/profile/marisa-c-kozlowski
Chapter 19

Marisa C. Kozlowski

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Marisa C. Kozlowski (USA) is a Professor of organic and catalysis chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania. Her research is focused on the asymmetric synthesis of biologically important molecules and the development of cost effective catalysts. Professor Kozlowski has developed computational programs to better understand chemical reactions. Much of her work has focused on the biphenol scaffold, which is a prevalent substructure in biologically active natural compounds. Professor Kozlowski has developed a photocatalytic method for phenol-phenol homo-coupling and cross-coupling that circumvents the requirement of the halide at the coupling position, thereby enhancing atom economy. Using the photocatalyst MesAcr+BF4- (9-mesityl-10- methylacridinium tetrafluoroborate), blue light-emitting diodes (LED) provide the activation needed for the reaction to occur. See https://www.chem.upenn.edu/profile/marisa-c-kozlowski

Acknowledgement

This photo is reproduced by permission of Professor Kozlowski: https://www.chem.upenn.edu/profile/marisa-c-kozlowski

Mustafa M. El-Abadelah (Jordan) is Emeritus Professor of organic chemistry at the University of Jordan. His research has focused on the preparation of heterocycles and their derivatives. See http://ju.edu.jo/Lists/InTheSpotLight/Disp.aspx?ID=860
Chapter 19

Mustafa M. El-Abadelah

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Mustafa M. El-Abadelah (Jordan) is Emeritus Professor of organic chemistry at the University of Jordan. His research has focused on the preparation of heterocycles and their derivatives. See http://ju.edu.jo/Lists/InTheSpotLight/Disp.aspx?ID=860

Acknowledgement

This photo is reproduced with the permission of Professor El-Abadelah: http://ju.edu.jo/Lists/InTheSpotLight/Disp.aspx?ID=860

Caroline Blakemore (USA) is currently a Principal Scientist at Pfizer Inc. who has worked on multiple projects in a range of therapeutic areas, contributing to the design strategy of projects from exploratory to late stage discovery. One of those projects involved the synthesis of chiral amethylated aryl acetic acid derivatives.
Chapter 20

Caroline Blakemore

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Caroline Blakemore (USA) is currently a Principal Scientist at Pfizer Inc. who has worked on multiple projects in a range of therapeutic areas, contributing to the design strategy of projects from exploratory to late stage discovery. One of those projects involved the synthesis of chiral amethylated aryl acetic acid derivatives.

Acknowledgement

This photo is reproduced by the courtesy and the permission of Dr. Blakemore.

Teruaki Mukaiyama was a Japanese organic chemist who helped establish the field of organic chemistry in Japan after World War II. Mukaiyama exploited the concept of the redox condensation reaction in which a weak acid and weak base catalyze a condensation by means of a redox reaction. This concept was applied to the formation of a variety of other functional groups. Mukaiyama used titanium(IV) chloride to activate aldehydes for reaction with silyl enol ethers in the.
Chapter 20

Teruaki Mukaiyama

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Teruaki Mukaiyama was a Japanese organic chemist who helped establish the field of organic chemistry in Japan after World War II. Mukaiyama exploited the concept of the redox condensation reaction in which a weak acid and weak base catalyze a condensation by means of a redox reaction. This concept was applied to the formation of a variety of other functional groups. Mukaiyama used titanium(IV) chloride to activate aldehydes for reaction with silyl enol ethers in the.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teruaki_Mukaiyama

Alison J. Frontier (USA) at the University of Rochester is a synthetic organic chemist. Professor Frontier’s work has focused on cyclization reactions that produce unusual, densely functionalized ring systems from simple precursors. She has studied novel pericyclic reactions, cationic rearrangements and diastereoselective cyclization cascades, and their application to complex molecule synthesis. One area of research is her study of the Nazarov cyclization. See https://www.sas.rochester.edu/chm/people/faculty/frontier-alison/index.php
Chapter 21

Alison J. Frontier

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Alison J. Frontier (USA) at the University of Rochester is a synthetic organic chemist. Professor Frontier’s work has focused on cyclization reactions that produce unusual, densely functionalized ring systems from simple precursors. She has studied novel pericyclic reactions, cationic rearrangements and diastereoselective cyclization cascades, and their application to complex molecule synthesis. One area of research is her study of the Nazarov cyclization. See https://www.sas.rochester.edu/chm/people/faculty/frontier-alison/index.php

Acknowledgement

Photo reproduced with the permission of Professor Frontier: https://www.sas.rochester.edu/chm/people/faculty/frontier-alison/index.php

Kathlyn A. Parker at the State University of New York, Stony Brook has focused on the synthesis of natural products, the development of synthetic methods that involve regiochemical and stereochemical problems. Her main focus has been the synthesis of compounds of biological interest. See https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/chemistry/faculty/_faculty-profiles/parkerkathy
Chapter 22

Kathlyn A. Parker

Caption

Kathlyn A. Parker at the State University of New York, Stony Brook has focused on the synthesis of natural products, the development of synthetic methods that involve regiochemical and stereochemical problems. Her main focus has been the synthesis of compounds of biological interest. See https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/chemistry/faculty/_faculty-profiles/parkerkathy

Acknowledgement

This photo is reproduced with the permission of Professor Parker: https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/chemistry/faculty/_faculty-profiles/parker-kathy

Marie Elizabeth Krafft was the Martin A. Schwartz Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Florida State University. She was known for her seminal contributions in organometallic chemistry and synthetic organic chemistry. Among these were her investigations of the Pauson-Khand reaction1 and the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction (section 21.5).2 The Pauson-Khand reaction is a cycloaddition between an alkyne, and alkene and carbon monoxide to form a a,b-cyclopentenone. The reaction was originally mediated by stoichiometric amounts of dicobalt octacarbonyl. She also reported gold(I) catalyzed Claisen rearrangements. In one study, the gold(I)-catalyzed Claisen rearrangement of allenyl vinyl ethers gave substituted 1,3-dienes.
Chapter 22

Marie Elizabeth Krafft

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Marie Elizabeth Krafft was the Martin A. Schwartz Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Florida State University. She was known for her seminal contributions in organometallic chemistry and synthetic organic chemistry. Among these were her investigations of the Pauson-Khand reaction1 and the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction (section 21.5).2 The Pauson-Khand reaction is a cycloaddition between an alkyne, and alkene and carbon monoxide to form a a,b-cyclopentenone. The reaction was originally mediated by stoichiometric amounts of dicobalt octacarbonyl. She also reported gold(I) catalyzed Claisen rearrangements. In one study, the gold(I)-catalyzed Claisen rearrangement of allenyl vinyl ethers gave substituted 1,3-dienes.

Acknowledgement

Reprinted with permission from Professor Robert Holton and frm the Florida State University Department of Chemistry. https://www.tallahassee.com/story/news/2020/08/04/eppes-professors-distinction-changedflorida-state-university/5575772002/

Michelle Tran-Dubé is an oncology medicinal chemist at Pfizer, Inc.. She played a key role on the chemistry team that discovered the first marketed ALK inhibitor, crizotinib. She played a pivotal role on the chemistry team that discovered the clinical candidate PF-06939999, Pfizer’s oral PRMT5 inhibitor in Phase I clinical trials for oncology, a first-in-class oral arginine methyltransferase inhibitor which shows promise in treating numerous types of cancer.
Chapter 22

Michelle Tran-Dubé

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Michelle Tran-Dubé is an oncology medicinal chemist at Pfizer, Inc.. She played a key role on the chemistry team that discovered the first marketed ALK inhibitor, crizotinib. She played a pivotal role on the chemistry team that discovered the clinical candidate PF-06939999, Pfizer’s oral PRMT5 inhibitor in Phase I clinical trials for oncology, a first-in-class oral arginine methyltransferase inhibitor which shows promise in treating numerous types of cancer.

Acknowledgement

Photo reproduced by the courtesy of and the permission of Michelle Tran-Dubé.

Pauline Chiu (China) at the University of Hong Kong has focused on cycloaddition and cascade reactions as applied to natural product total synthesis, and the development of new methodology. She has developed copper-mediated chemical transformations that include Claisen rearrangements, aldol cyclizations, (4+3) cycloadditions, (5+2) cycloadditions and reactions to synthesize medium-sized rings. See https://www.pchiu.chemistry.hku.hk/pc
Chapter 22

Pauline Chiu

Caption

Pauline Chiu (China) at the University of Hong Kong has focused on cycloaddition and cascade reactions as applied to natural product total synthesis, and the development of new methodology. She has developed copper-mediated chemical transformations that include Claisen rearrangements, aldol cyclizations, (4+3) cycloadditions, (5+2) cycloadditions and reactions to synthesize medium-sized rings. See https://www.pchiu.chemistry.hku.hk/pc

Acknowledgement

This photo is reproduced by the courtesy of and with the permission of Professor Chiu:

Atta-ur-Rahman is an organic chemist at the H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, and is currently serving as the Chairman of the Task Force of the Prime Minister of Pakistan on science and technology. Atta-ur-Rahman is an expert in the field of natural product chemistry in South Asia. His research on molecular structure and synthesis has led to the synthesis of numerous compounds of biological interest. He has also conducted important analytical studies of organic compounds using circular dichroism (section 9.4) He has helped to synthesize derivatives of important cancer-fighting alkaloids obtained from the rosy periwinkle, <em>Catharanthus roseus</em>. Alongside his work on synthesis, Atta-ur-Rahman has also conducted important analytical studies that has enabled a true transformation in the country’s approach towards science, technology, engineering and medicine. See https://atta-ur-rahman.com
Chapter 23

Atta-ur-Rahman

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Atta-ur-Rahman is an organic chemist at the H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, and is currently serving as the Chairman of the Task Force of the Prime Minister of Pakistan on science and technology. Atta-ur-Rahman is an expert in the field of natural product chemistry in South Asia. His research on molecular structure and synthesis has led to the synthesis of numerous compounds of biological interest. He has also conducted important analytical studies of organic compounds using circular dichroism (section 9.4) He has helped to synthesize derivatives of important cancer-fighting alkaloids obtained from the rosy periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus. Alongside his work on synthesis, Atta-ur-Rahman has also conducted important analytical studies that has enabled a true transformation in the country’s approach towards science, technology, engineering and medicine. See https://atta-ur-rahman.com

Acknowledgement

Photo reproduced by the courtesy of and with the permission of Professor Atta-ur Rahman:

Jennifer Schomaker is an organic chemist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Professor Schomaker research develops chemistry that utilizes allenes and has developed an intramolecular allene protocol that gives synthetically useful bicyclic methylene aziridines. Her group examines allenes as convenient three-carbon synthons for the preparation of densely substituted carbocycles. She is developing a synthesis of jogyamycin, a new antiprotozoal aminocyclopentitol antibiotic. Analogs of jogyamycin have been synthesized to determine which structural features contribute to toxicity in order to tune selectivity in binding to pathogen over human ribosomes. Professor Schomaker has applied her methylene aziridine work to the development of useful biorthogonal chemistry protocols. See https://www2.chem.wisc.edu/users/schomakerj
Chapter 23

Jennifer Schomaker

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Jennifer Schomaker is an organic chemist at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Professor Schomaker research develops chemistry that utilizes allenes and has developed an intramolecular allene protocol that gives synthetically useful bicyclic methylene aziridines. Her group examines allenes as convenient three-carbon synthons for the preparation of densely substituted carbocycles. She is developing a synthesis of jogyamycin, a new antiprotozoal aminocyclopentitol antibiotic. Analogs of jogyamycin have been synthesized to determine which structural features contribute to toxicity in order to tune selectivity in binding to pathogen over human ribosomes. Professor Schomaker has applied her methylene aziridine work to the development of useful biorthogonal chemistry protocols. See https://www2.chem.wisc.edu/users/schomakerj

Acknowledgement

Photo reproduced by the courtesy of and with the permission of Professor Schomaker https://schomaker.chem.wisc.edu/jen/

Helen Miriam Berman is a Board of Governors Professor Emerita of Chemistry and Chemical Biology a Rutgers University and a former director of the RCSB Protein Data Bank (one of the member organizations of the Worldwide Protein Data Bank). A structural biologist, her work includes structural analysis of protein-nucleic acid complexes, and the role of water in molecular interactions. She is also the founder and director of the Nucleic Acid Database, and led theProtein Structure Initiative Structural Genomics Knowledgebase. At Rutgers, Berman along with other scientists co-founded the Nucleic Acid Database (NDB) to collect and disseminate information about nucleic acid structure. As of July, 2018, the NDB holds over 9600 nucleic acid structures and the PDB holds more than 142,000 macromolecular structures. At Rutgers, she continued to study nucleic acids, their interactions with proteins and also researched and solved the structure of collagen. See https://chem.rutgers.edu/people/faculty-bio/120-bermanhelen
Chapter 24

Helen Miriam Berman

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Helen Miriam Berman is a Board of Governors Professor Emerita of Chemistry and Chemical Biology a Rutgers University and a former director of the RCSB Protein Data Bank (one of the member organizations of the Worldwide Protein Data Bank). A structural biologist, her work includes structural analysis of protein-nucleic acid complexes, and the role of water in molecular interactions. She is also the founder and director of the Nucleic Acid Database, and led theProtein Structure Initiative Structural Genomics Knowledgebase. At Rutgers, Berman along with other scientists co-founded the Nucleic Acid Database (NDB) to collect and disseminate information about nucleic acid structure. As of July, 2018, the NDB holds over 9600 nucleic acid structures and the PDB holds more than 142,000 macromolecular structures. At Rutgers, she continued to study nucleic acids, their interactions with proteins and also researched and solved the structure of collagen. See https://chem.rutgers.edu/people/faculty-bio/120-bermanhelen

Acknowledgement

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_M._Berman

Hsien Wu was a Chinese biochemist and geneticist who was the first to propose that protein denaturation was a purely conformational change such as protein unfolding, and not to some chemical alteration of the protein.
Chapter 24

Hsien Wu

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Hsien Wu was a Chinese biochemist and geneticist who was the first to propose that protein denaturation was a purely conformational change such as protein unfolding, and not to some chemical alteration of the protein.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsien_Wu

Jane Shelby Richardson (USA) is a professor of biochemistry at Duke University. She is best known for developing the Richardson diagram, or ribbon diagrams, a method of representing the 3D structure of proteins. Ribbon diagrams have become a standard representation of protein structures that has facilitated further investigation of protein structure and function globally. Thee Richardson Laboratory currently studies structural motifs in RNA as well as proteins.
Chapter 24

Jane Shelby Richardson

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Jane Shelby Richardson (USA) is a professor of biochemistry at Duke University. She is best known for developing the Richardson diagram, or ribbon diagrams, a method of representing the 3D structure of proteins. Ribbon diagrams have become a standard representation of protein structures that has facilitated further investigation of protein structure and function globally. Thee Richardson Laboratory currently studies structural motifs in RNA as well as proteins.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_S._Richardson

<strong>Lisa A. Marcaurelle</strong> (USA) is an organic chemist who has served as a senior executive at multiple biotechnology companies. Dr. Marcaurelle has worked on high-throughput chemistry, diversityoriented chemical synthesis, chemical biology, and medicinal chemistry projects. She led the development of a diversity-oriented synthesis platform at the Broad Institute based on newlyevolving chemotypes such as spirocycles and macrocycles. In 2018, she became Senior Director of the DNA Encoded Library Technology Chemistry group at GlaxoSmithKline in Cambridge, MA See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Marcaurelle
Chapter 24

Lisa A. Marcaurelle

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Lisa A. Marcaurelle (USA) is an organic chemist who has served as a senior executive at multiple biotechnology companies. Dr. Marcaurelle has worked on high-throughput chemistry, diversityoriented chemical synthesis, chemical biology, and medicinal chemistry projects. She led the development of a diversity-oriented synthesis platform at the Broad Institute based on newlyevolving chemotypes such as spirocycles and macrocycles. In 2018, she became Senior Director of the DNA Encoded Library Technology Chemistry group at GlaxoSmithKline in Cambridge, MA See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Marcaurelle

Acknowledgement

Thanks to Dr. Marcaurelle for provided the photo and permission to use the photo

Madeleine M. Joullié is a French-born American organic chemist. She was the first woman to join the University of Pennsylvania chemistry faculty as well as the first woman organic chemist to be appointed to a tenure track position in a major American university. Much of Joullié's research has focused on the synthesis of natural products. She helped to develop methodologies for aromatic substitution and introduced the term chirality transfer. A major area of her research involved the synthesis of the didemnins, isolated from a marine tunicate of the family Didemnidae. The didemnins exhibit antitumor, antiviral and immunosuppressive qualities. Didemnin B was the first marine natural product to be used in clinical trials against cancer. See https://www.chem.upenn.edu/profile/madeleine-m-joullie.
Chapter 24

Madeleine M. Joullié

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Madeleine M. Joullié is a French-born American organic chemist. She was the first woman to join the University of Pennsylvania chemistry faculty as well as the first woman organic chemist to be appointed to a tenure track position in a major American university. Much of Joullié's research has focused on the synthesis of natural products. She helped to develop methodologies for aromatic substitution and introduced the term chirality transfer. A major area of her research involved the synthesis of the didemnins, isolated from a marine tunicate of the family Didemnidae. The didemnins exhibit antitumor, antiviral and immunosuppressive qualities. Didemnin B was the first marine natural product to be used in clinical trials against cancer. See https://www.chem.upenn.edu/profile/madeleine-m-joullie.

Acknowledgement

This photo is reproduced by the courtesy of and with the permission of Professor Joullié:

Dame Margaret Anne Brimble (New Zealand) is an organic chemist at the University of Auckland. Her research has focused on natural products, which provide a rich source of lead compounds to develop front-line frontline drugs. Professor Brimble has synthesized and modified naturally occurring bioactive compounds isolated from plants, animal tissue, microbes or marine and soil organisms. This work includes the synthesis of shellfish toxins. Professor Brimble has developed a national peptide, peptidomimetic and glycopeptide chemistry facility and the peptide synthesis therein supports growth in the burgeoning area of peptide therapeutics. See https://brimble.chem.auckland.ac.nz
Chapter 24

Margaret Anne Brimble

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Dame Margaret Anne Brimble (New Zealand) is an organic chemist at the University of Auckland. Her research has focused on natural products, which provide a rich source of lead compounds to develop front-line frontline drugs. Professor Brimble has synthesized and modified naturally occurring bioactive compounds isolated from plants, animal tissue, microbes or marine and soil organisms. This work includes the synthesis of shellfish toxins. Professor Brimble has developed a national peptide, peptidomimetic and glycopeptide chemistry facility and the peptide synthesis therein supports growth in the burgeoning area of peptide therapeutics. See https://brimble.chem.auckland.ac.nz

Acknowledgement

This photo is reproduced by the courtesy of and with the permission of Professor Brimble:

Vy Maria Dong is a professor of chemistry at the University of California Irvine. Professor Dong invents better tools for organic synthesis, including new reagents, catalysts, and strategies. Her research examines methodology to directly convert carbon-hydrogen bonds into other functional groups, use carbon dioxide as a raw material, and make biologically active heterocycles using the power of transition metal catalysis. Using these approaches she transforms simple reagents into valuable products. This fundamental interest in new organometallic pathways is tempered by a practical need for more efficient and environmentally friendly technologies. She works on enantioselective catalysis and natural product synthesis and has developed a rhodium-catalyzed approach to cyclic peptides, In addition, Professor Dong has worked on catalytic hydroacylation and the activation of aldehyde C—H bonds. See https://www.chem.uci.edu/~dongv/
Chapter 24

Vy Maria Dong

Caption

Vy Maria Dong is a professor of chemistry at the University of California Irvine. Professor Dong invents better tools for organic synthesis, including new reagents, catalysts, and strategies. Her research examines methodology to directly convert carbon-hydrogen bonds into other functional groups, use carbon dioxide as a raw material, and make biologically active heterocycles using the power of transition metal catalysis. Using these approaches she transforms simple reagents into valuable products. This fundamental interest in new organometallic pathways is tempered by a practical need for more efficient and environmentally friendly technologies. She works on enantioselective catalysis and natural product synthesis and has developed a rhodium-catalyzed approach to cyclic peptides, In addition, Professor Dong has worked on catalytic hydroacylation and the activation of aldehyde C—H bonds. See https://www.chem.uci.edu/~dongv/

Acknowledgement

This photo was taken by Mike Wilmer and is reproduced with the permission of Professor Dong.

Amanda Cordelia Bryant-Friedrich (USA) is a chemist at the College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences at Wayne State University. She studies the mechanisms by which small molecules interact with nucleic acid and her research involves the synthesis of modified nucleosides and nucleotides, monitoring the intercalation of small aromatic systems into DNA via the design of novel chromophores and the creation of probes that contain nucleic acids to study events that occur around DNA. See https://cphs.wayne.edu/profile/ag3496
Chapter 25

Amanda Cordelia Bryant-Friedrich

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Amanda Cordelia Bryant-Friedrich (USA) is a chemist at the College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences at Wayne State University. She studies the mechanisms by which small molecules interact with nucleic acid and her research involves the synthesis of modified nucleosides and nucleotides, monitoring the intercalation of small aromatic systems into DNA via the design of novel chromophores and the creation of probes that contain nucleic acids to study events that occur around DNA. See https://cphs.wayne.edu/profile/ag3496

Acknowledgement

Photo was taken by University of Toledo photographer, Daniel Miller, and it is reproduced by the courtesy of and with the permission of Professor Bryant-Friedrich: https://cphs.wayne.edu/profile/ag3496

Bertram Oliver "Bert" Fraser-Reid was a Jamaican synthetic organic chemist who utilized chiral sugars as starting materials that could be transformed into chiral natural products. In addition he studied the immune response of oligosaccharides. Professor Fraser-Reid explored the role of oligosaccharides in immune responses, and particularly on the effect of molecules on human diseases like malaria and AIDS. He established the Natural Products & Glycotechnology Research Institute, a nonprofit, to study the carbohydrate chemistry/biology of tropical parasitic disease in developing countries and to develop a carbohydrate-based malaria vaccine. See https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/bertram-fraser-reid
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Bertram Oliver Fraser-Reid

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Bertram Oliver "Bert" Fraser-Reid was a Jamaican synthetic organic chemist who utilized chiral sugars as starting materials that could be transformed into chiral natural products. In addition he studied the immune response of oligosaccharides. Professor Fraser-Reid explored the role of oligosaccharides in immune responses, and particularly on the effect of molecules on human diseases like malaria and AIDS. He established the Natural Products & Glycotechnology Research Institute, a nonprofit, to study the carbohydrate chemistry/biology of tropical parasitic disease in developing countries and to develop a carbohydrate-based malaria vaccine. See https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/bertram-fraser-reid

Acknowledgement

This photo is reproduced by the courtesy of and with the permission of Andrea Fraser-Reid http://icons.niherst.gov.tt/icon/bertram-fraser-reid-ci2/

Carolyn Bertozzi (USA) is a professor of chemistry at Stanford University and she is the Baker Family Director of Stanford ChEM-H. Professor Carolyn Bertozzi's research interests span the disciplines of chemistry and biology with an emphasis on studies of cell surface sugars important to human health and disease. The Bertozzi Group develops chemical tools to study the glycobiology that underlies diseases such as cancer, inflammation, tuberculosis and most recently COVID-19. Her research group profiles changes in cell surface glycosylation associated with cancer, inflammation and bacterial infection. This information is used to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, most recently in the area of immuno-oncology. See https://chemistry.stanford.edu/people/carolyn-bertozzi
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Carolyn Bertozzi

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Carolyn Bertozzi (USA) is a professor of chemistry at Stanford University and she is the Baker Family Director of Stanford ChEM-H. Professor Carolyn Bertozzi's research interests span the disciplines of chemistry and biology with an emphasis on studies of cell surface sugars important to human health and disease. The Bertozzi Group develops chemical tools to study the glycobiology that underlies diseases such as cancer, inflammation, tuberculosis and most recently COVID-19. Her research group profiles changes in cell surface glycosylation associated with cancer, inflammation and bacterial infection. This information is used to develop new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, most recently in the area of immuno-oncology. See https://chemistry.stanford.edu/people/carolyn-bertozzi

Acknowledgement

Thanks to Binhong Lin and the Stanford University Chemistry Department for permission to use this photo https://chemistry.stanford.edu/people/carolyn-bertozzi

David Mootoo (USA) is a professor in the Department of Chemistry at Hunter College. Professor Mootoo’s research centers on the design, synthesis and biological properties of small molecules that may interdict in disease-related carbohydrate pathways. His research centers on the design and synthesis of molecular probes for biological pathways, with the ultimate goal of elucidating disease processes and devising new therapeutic strategies. His interests span two broad categories of molecules, unnatural analogues of disease-related carbohydrates and natural products with unique biological activity. Representative projects are synthetic methods for tailored glycomimetics, and applications of immunoactive glycolipids, carbohydrate-based antiviral agents and tumor targeting cytotoxic agents. See https://hunter.cuny.edu/people/david-mootoo/
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David Mootoo

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David Mootoo (USA) is a professor in the Department of Chemistry at Hunter College. Professor Mootoo’s research centers on the design, synthesis and biological properties of small molecules that may interdict in disease-related carbohydrate pathways. His research centers on the design and synthesis of molecular probes for biological pathways, with the ultimate goal of elucidating disease processes and devising new therapeutic strategies. His interests span two broad categories of molecules, unnatural analogues of disease-related carbohydrates and natural products with unique biological activity. Representative projects are synthetic methods for tailored glycomimetics, and applications of immunoactive glycolipids, carbohydrate-based antiviral agents and tumor targeting cytotoxic agents. See https://hunter.cuny.edu/people/david-mootoo/

Acknowledgement

Photo reproduced by the courtesy of and with the permission of Professor Mootoo:

Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin was a British chemist who advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of biomolecules, which became an essential tool in structural biology. Among her most influential discoveries are the confirmation of the structure of penicillin.
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Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin

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Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin was a British chemist who advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of biomolecules, which became an essential tool in structural biology. Among her most influential discoveries are the confirmation of the structure of penicillin.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin

Eusebio Juaristi (Mexico) is an organic chemist at the Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados who does research on stereochemistry, conformational analysis, asymmetric synthesis and green chemistry. Professor Juaristi is a world leader in the study of the anomeric effect. He has developed new methods for the enantioselective synthesis of b-amino acids, designed new chiral organocatalysts for use in asymmetric synthesis, developed “green” chemistry methodology and does research in computational chemistry. See https://quimica.cinvestav.mx/-Quienessomos/Directorio/Investigadores/Dr-Eusebio-Juaristi-y-Cosio.
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Eusebio Juaristi

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Eusebio Juaristi (Mexico) is an organic chemist at the Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados who does research on stereochemistry, conformational analysis, asymmetric synthesis and green chemistry. Professor Juaristi is a world leader in the study of the anomeric effect. He has developed new methods for the enantioselective synthesis of b-amino acids, designed new chiral organocatalysts for use in asymmetric synthesis, developed “green” chemistry methodology and does research in computational chemistry. See https://quimica.cinvestav.mx/-Quienessomos/Directorio/Investigadores/Dr-Eusebio-Juaristi-y-Cosio.

Acknowledgement

This photo is reproduced by the courtesy of and with the permission of Professor Juaristi:

Gertrude Belle Elion was an American biochemist and chemist who helped develop method for the development of new drugs and rational drug design. Her work led to creatin of the AIDS drug AZT, the first immunosuppressive drug and the first successful antiviral drug, acyclovir.
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Gertrude Belle Elion

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Gertrude Belle Elion was an American biochemist and chemist who helped develop method for the development of new drugs and rational drug design. Her work led to creatin of the AIDS drug AZT, the first immunosuppressive drug and the first successful antiviral drug, acyclovir.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion

Har Gobind Khorana was an Indian-American biochemist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. His research that showed the order of nucleotides in nucleic acid, which carry the genetic code the cell and control the cell's synthesis of proteins. Khorana was the first scientist to chemically synthesize oligonucleotides
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Har Gobind Khorana

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Har Gobind Khorana was an Indian-American biochemist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. His research that showed the order of nucleotides in nucleic acid, which carry the genetic code the cell and control the cell's synthesis of proteins. Khorana was the first scientist to chemically synthesize oligonucleotides

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana

Jacqueline K. Barton (USA) is professor of chemistry at the California Institute of Technology. Professor Barton studies the chemical and physical properties of DNA and their roles in biological activities. The primary focus of her research is transverse electron transport along double-stranded DNA, its implications in the biology of DNA damage and repair, and its potential for materials applications such as targeted chemotherapeutic treatments for cancer. See https://cce.caltech.edu/people/jacqueline-k-barton
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Jacqueline K. Barton

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Jacqueline K. Barton (USA) is professor of chemistry at the California Institute of Technology. Professor Barton studies the chemical and physical properties of DNA and their roles in biological activities. The primary focus of her research is transverse electron transport along double-stranded DNA, its implications in the biology of DNA damage and repair, and its potential for materials applications such as targeted chemotherapeutic treatments for cancer. See https://cce.caltech.edu/people/jacqueline-k-barton

Acknowledgement

This photo is reproduced by the courtesy of and with the permission of Professor Jacqueline K. Barton

Laura Lee Kiessling (USA) is Novartis Professor of Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Professor Kiessling's research focuses on elucidating and exploiting interactions on the cell surface, particularly those mediated by proteins binding to carbohydrates. Understanding and manipulating multivalent protein-carbohydrate interactions provides tools to study biological processes and design therapeutic treatments. Her research combines organic synthesis, polymer chemistry, structural biology, and molecular and cell biology. She has contributed to the synthesis and study of many biologically active molecules, including glycosyl peptides glycopolymers and modified peptides. See https://chemistry.mit.edu/profile/laura-lkiessling/
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Laura Lee Kiessling

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Laura Lee Kiessling (USA) is Novartis Professor of Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Professor Kiessling's research focuses on elucidating and exploiting interactions on the cell surface, particularly those mediated by proteins binding to carbohydrates. Understanding and manipulating multivalent protein-carbohydrate interactions provides tools to study biological processes and design therapeutic treatments. Her research combines organic synthesis, polymer chemistry, structural biology, and molecular and cell biology. She has contributed to the synthesis and study of many biologically active molecules, including glycosyl peptides glycopolymers and modified peptides. See https://chemistry.mit.edu/profile/laura-lkiessling/

Acknowledgement

This photo is reproduced by the courtesy of and with the permission of Professor Kiessling:

Rosalind Elsie Franklin was an English chemist and X-ray crystallographer whose work was central to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal and graphite. Her contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA were ignored during her lifetime but recognized posthumously. See Percec, V.; Xiao, Q. “The legacy of Rosalind E. Franklin: Landmark contributions to two Nobel Prizes” <em>Chem: Cell Press March 11, <strong>2021</strong>, 7</em>, 529-536.
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Rosalind Elsie Franklin

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Rosalind Elsie Franklin was an English chemist and X-ray crystallographer whose work was central to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal and graphite. Her contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA were ignored during her lifetime but recognized posthumously. See Percec, V.; Xiao, Q. “The legacy of Rosalind E. Franklin: Landmark contributions to two Nobel Prizes” Chem: Cell Press March 11, 2021, 7, 529-536.

Acknowledgement

WikiCommons photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin