"[MULTIPLE-SSELECT] The transformations in media technology wrought by print, telegraph and wireless communication that gave birth to the electronic age from the mid-twentieth century have led some commentators to describe as a phenomenon of what?Mediatization is defined as a powerful force eroding divisions between ´fact and fiction, nature and culture, global and local, science and art, technology and humanity´ to the extent that ´the media in the twenty-first century have so undermined the ability to construct an apparent distinction between reality and representation that the modernist episteme has begun to seem somewhat shaky´ (Brown, 2003: 22).
{
Popularization
=Mediatization
Culturalization
Differentiation
Homogenization
}"
"[MULTIPLE-SSELECT] One study found that what per cent of adults who had a social network account allowed their profile to be seen by anyone? One study found that 44 per cent of adults who had a profile allowed their profile to be seen by anyone and 25 per cent of users had posted personal data about themselves on their profiles, including their home address, telephone number or email address (Smith, 2010: 278).
{
0.11
0.22
0.33
=0.44
0.55
}"
"[MULTIPLE-SSELECT] Donald Rumsfeld designated the imprisoned Taliban fighters as what in contrast to ´regular´ prisoners of war?Donald Rumsfeld designated the imprisoned Taliban fighters ´unlawful combatants´ (as opposed to ´regular´ prisoners of war), he did not simply mean that their criminal terrorist activity placed them outside the law: when an American citizen commits a crime, even one as serious as murder, he remains a ´lawful criminal´.
{
Illegal prisoners
Illegal offenders
=Unlawful combatants
Legal criminals
Legal combatants
}"
"[MULTIPLE-MSELECT] At the beginning of the twenty-first century a plethora of new tools provide new ways of representing, and watching, criminals and suspects. Which of these apply?At the beginning of the twenty-first century a plethora of new tools – including biometrics, DNA analysis, digital imagery, surveillance systems and computer databases – provide new ways of representing, and watching, criminals and suspects.
{
=biometrics
=DNA analysis
=digital imagery
=surveillance systems
electronic tagging
}"
"[MULTIPLE-MSELECT] In criminology which three distinctive approaches can be identified in analysing the media´s impactThe first assesses whether the media ´through depictions of crime, violence, death and aggression´ can be said to ´cause´ criminal conduct (Kidd-Hewitt, 1995: 1) in what has been called the ´ill effects´ debate (Barker and Petley, 1997). The second examines how crime news unjustly stereotypes groups (Cohen, 1972) in the orchestration of moral panics (Hall et al., 1978) and thereby heightens public fear of crime. The third and more recent development attends to a broader consideration of how crime and punishment have been consumed (Carrabine, et al., 2002), imagined (Young, 1996) and represented (Sparks, 1992) in popular culture, which begins on the basis that there are a diverse range of media forms to excavate as opposed to the singular preoccupation with news content found in earlier critical media studies (Cohen and Young, 1973).
{
=The media ´cause´ criminal conduct
How crime drives the media
=How crime news unjustly stereotypes groups
How docudramas and crime impact on policy
=How crime and punishment have been consumed, imagined and represented
}"
"[MULTIPLE-MSELECT] The types of activity that might be regarded as criminal include which of the following?The types of activity that might be regarded as criminal include: accessing, creating and distributing child pornography; websites espousing misogynist, homophobic or racist hate; copyright violations of intellectual property rights through ´digital piracy´; electronic harassment (including spamming, stalking and extortion); hacking (encompassing simple mischief through to political protest).
{
Pornography websites
=Websites espousing misogynist, homophobic or racist hate
=Electronic harassment
=Hacking
Cyber-stalking
}"
"[TRUE-FALSE] Keith Hayward has highlighted the need for a media criminology that can grasp what is new about global cultural processes, where the power of images play a key role in shaping the social imaginary. This means that responses to this global problem cannot be the task of one country alone; the problem is part of the process of globalization.
{TRUE}"
"[TRUE-FALSE] There is strong evidence that media representations of violence have damaging effects upon audiences and is one of the most researched issues in the social sciences.Most of the ´effects´ studies are based on banal and outmoded understandings of science whereby a group of subjects typically undergo various forms of exposure to a media stimulus (such as a film, programme, or video extract) in an approximation of laboratory conditions and some aspect of their behaviour is measured in relation to attitudes before and after the experiment.
{FALSE}"
"[OPEN] Is it necessary to explore the media as a criminologist?
{}"
"[OPEN] Does Cohen´s moral panic theory have any relevance in the twenty-first century?
{}"