Chapter 16 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

This chapter discusses two major chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones. Reaction of nucleophiles with an aldehyde or ketone gives an alkoxide via acyl addition. Subsequent hydrolytic workup gives an alcohol. The carbonyl of aldehydes and ketones reacts as a Brønsted-Lowry base with a suitable acid to generate an oxocarbenium ion intermediate. An acyl addition reaction with an unsymmetrical ketone will create a stereogenic center. Acyl addition reactions of Grignard reagents with aldehydes or ketones give an alkoxide product, but there is no reactive intermediate. An important method to improve the reaction exploits the acid-base chemistry of aldehydes and ketones. The cyanide ion was shown to be a moderate nucleophile in acyl addition reactions.

00:00
00:00

Aldehydes and Ketones and Nomenclature

00:00
00:00

Carbonyls React as Bases

00:00
00:00

Nucleophilic Acyl Addition

00:00
00:00

Cyanide

00:00
00:00

Grignard Reagents and Organolithium Reagents

00:00
00:00

Alkyne Anions

00:00
00:00

Acyl Addition. "C" Nucleophiles

00:00
00:00

Water and Hydrates

00:00
00:00

Alcohols and Acetals

00:00
00:00

The Acetal-Alcohol Equilibrium

00:00
00:00

Reactions with Alcohols

00:00
00:00

Dithioacetals

00:00
00:00

Reactions ofThiols

00:00
00:00

Primary Amines

00:00
00:00

Secondary Amines

00:00
00:00

Functionalized Primary Amines

00:00
00:00

Cram's Rule